Написание письменной работы любого вида - coursework, degree, essay or just an article - requires the presence of such an element as a list of used sources and literature. It, as a rule, is located at the end of creative work and is not only a numbered list of bibliographic descriptions. It contains a kind of key that can give an idea of such qualities of the author as correctness, ethical attitude towards other people's creative work, accuracy and consistency.
What is
References contain detailed information on what the author relied on in his research. Here you can find comprehensive data on sources:
- About the author.
- Place and year of publication.
- What kind of information is contained.
- The name of the publisher.
- Number of pages.
- Journal number or volume of a book.
All this collection of information located inclearly defined order, is called bibliographic description and forms a list of used literature according to GOST. That he is the special regulatory document that contains all the rules of registration.
What purpose do the references serve?
There may be several.Firstly, the list of sources used and literature is an organic component of any scientific work. Without them, the fundamental nature of this or that creative work becomes doubtful. After all, it is no secret to anyone that the author takes his knowledge and information about any process, subject or phenomenon from any source, which may be:
- previous studies in a particular area;
- scientific works of other authors;
- tutorials and reference books;
- articles published in specialized scientific journals, etc.
This list can be continued.
Secondly, referencesThey contain valuable information about whose works, scientific works the author relied on in his research. You can get an idea of what opinion he holds in this or that issue.
Thirdly, for those who continue to research in the considered or related issues, the bibliography lists provide accurate information about a particular source.
Design Features
This is perhaps the most difficult moment associated withthis part of the creative work, because it includes a number of subtleties that negligent students, graduate students or graduate students turn out to be in sight. There is a lot of information on how to arrange a list of references, examples, relevant regulatory documents and much more. So, what should be remembered when proceeding to design.
Source location
Here you can use the following options:
- in alphabetical order, locating sources based on given authors or names;
- as far as references or citing are, a rather simple way, but only at first glance, since it makes it difficult to find the necessary source, therefore, it can be used in small-scale works;
- according to document type listCompiled on the basis of the type of publication used (regulations, articles, books, etc.), is divided into parts, within which the sources are arranged alphabetically;
- chronologically, if we are talking about historical research and you need to pay attention to the periodization and the date of publication of the source.
As a rule, students in their works use the first two options.
Bibliographic subtleties
Следующим моментом, на который нужно обратить attention, considering the design of the list of references, is a bibliographic description. It contains a number of components, which are arranged in a clearly defined order.
- Specifying the author's name with initials. There may be a pseudonym.
- Without quotes is the name of a book, textbook, article or other work.
- Additional information describing the name is posted.
- After the punctuation mark, here is the author’s last name. The only difference is that the initials stand before it. If the author is two or three, then the elements of information about them are placed in the same way.
- Information concerning the publication is given, which includes the place or indication of the city, the name of the publisher and the year of issue.
- The data on the total number of pages or numbers is followed if only a part of the book or a journal article was used.
Approximately in this way a list is formed.used literature according to GOST. However, there are a number of elements that may be included in the description. This is an indication that the information is an electronic resource. It is given, as a rule, in square brackets and follows the name. At the end of the bibliographic description have a URL or access mode.
Diploma literature: what you need to know in order to get it right
Here it is necessary to recall that for the study of this level certain sources are supposed to be present. Their type and content should correspond to the subject of work.
As is known, the structure of the thesis consistsfrom the introduction, several chapters, conclusion, list of references. The latter is definitely connected with all the listed elements. The introduction indicates the authors who dealt with the stated issues. If the writing used their work, then the text must contain links that will lead to bibliographic descriptions and allow you to create a list of references of the thesis. It is located at the very end of the explanatory note, following the findings, but before the annexes.
Also, the diploma supervisor may require the use of "fresh" sources, the publication date of which was no earlier than five years before writing the diploma.
Naturally, each discipline or field of science has its own design features. Let us dwell on some of them in more detail.
Legal subtleties
If you want to make a list of references on the law, you need to pay attention to the following points.
- The order of the sources. It begins with legal acts anddocuments. Next come the legal practice materials. Behind them already in this order is the rest of the literature: books, periodicals, foreign publications and Internet resources. If some element is missing, for example, practice materials, then the rest of the literature will immediately follow the regulatory documentation.
- Hierarchy in the placement of legal sources. They are arranged according to legal force.starting with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, followed by international legal acts ratified by Russia. If an international agreement is used in the text of the work, in which the country does not participate, the reference to it is immediately after the list of judicial decisions.
Sometimes a lawyer needs to contactregulations that have already lost their legal force. In this case, they must also be on the list, but located at the end of the list of the current legislative framework. The above listed rules apply to these sources with the only difference that the corresponding mark is made in brackets.
This is followed by laws, decrees, acts of government andministries. Inside a group of regulations, the location is based on what is used for the document. If these are orders or resolutions, then they use the alphabetical order, if the regulations, then they are chronological.
If in the text of the work there are indications of anyfrom the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, such a source is placed after departmental and ministerial acts. The provisions of local governments or other state structures follow the legislative acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation.
Accounting features
Has its own specifics and such a field of activityas accounting. The list of references used here is also compiled on the basis of the legal significance of the sources. The first are the laws. They are followed by provisions, instructions and practice materials. Next come tutorials, books and periodicals.
What you need to know if the work of management
Here are the rules that were givenabove, based on them, a list of references is compiled. Management as a special field of activity can affect any industry. If the questions relate to jurisprudence, the rules of location of the regulatory documentation are used. When characterizing sanitary norms and labor protection at an enterprise, it is necessary to take into account that standards and instructions should be placed after acts of greater legal force. Next, place textbooks, books, periodicals and other publications.
Literature examples
They will help to finally understand how to put in order a list of references.
An example of a training manual or article:
- P. Sviridov. Features of the formation of legal entities [Text] / P. R. Sviridov. - Moscow: Princely Court, 2013. - 280 p.
- Petrov F. K. Tsar Peter as a reformer / F. K. Petrov // Philosophical Review. - 2013. - № 9. - p. 33-38.
As can be seen from the example, the field of authorship is separated by a slash, after which initials are given, and then the last name. If the book mentions several authors, then the description is given as follows:
- Z. Vetrova. Financial Accounting [Text]: a textbook for universities / Z. Vetrova, R. S. Balashova, K. V. Yarkova. - Moscow: Financier, 2011. - 355 p.
The bibliographic description begins with the title, if the work has four authors, the initials and surnames of which are given after the slash.
- Delovodstvo [Text]: methodological manual for term papers / D. R. Mitrokhina, V. A. Goryunova, Z. I. Sinitsyna, P. D. Kartokhin. - Krasnograd: Publishing house KraDTU, 2011. - 265 p.
How to make the correct list usedliterature, if there are links to online publications? Here you need to know that such sources, as a rule, complete the list and always indicate the mode of possible access to them.
- Researched in Ukraine [Electronic resource]: multi-subject. scientific journals / Kiev. Polytechnic un-t - Electron. journals - Lanky: KPI, 2008.- access mode to the journal: http://zhurnul.kpi.untti.ua
Examples of legal sources
How to make a list of references, if it includes legal documents, acts:
- On the formation of a commission for administrative reform [Text]: Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 22, 2013. 521 // Collected Legislation. - 2013. - 31. - Art. 3320.
- On the economic situation [Text]: Federal Law of January 30. 1-ФЗ // Meeting of the legislation. - 2012. - 7, (2 Feb.). - p. 1346-1398 (art. 375).
If we are talking about technical documentation, then its design will be as follows:
- Building approved rules and regulations: SNiP 2.02.09 97. Impacts and loads [Text]: regulatory and technical material. - Moscow: [b.i.], 1997. - 34 p.
