More recently, science has become reliably knownwhat is a black hole. But as soon as scientists dealt with this phenomenon of the Universe, a new, much more complicated and tangled fell on them: a supermassive black hole, which you cannot call a black one, but rather a dazzling white one. Why? Because it is this definition that was given to the center of each galaxy, which glows and shines. But it is necessary to get there, and in addition to blackness, nothing remains. What kind of puzzle is this?
Black Hole Memo
It is known that a simple black hole isit is a once shone star. At a certain stage of its existence, its gravitational forces began to increase excessively, while the radius remained the same. If earlier the star was “bursting open” and it was growing, now the forces concentrated in its core began to attract all the other components. Its edges "collapse" on the center, forming an incredible force of collapse, which becomes a black hole. Such "former stars" no longer shine, but are completely outwardly imperceptible objects of the Universe. But they are very tangible, as they literally absorb everything that falls into their gravitational radius. It is not known what lies behind such an event horizon. Based on the facts, any body such a huge gravity literally crush. Recently, however, not only science fiction writers, but also scientists adhere to the idea that these can be peculiar cosmic tunnels for traveling long distances.
What is a quasar
Supermassive has similar properties.black hole, in other words, quasar. This is the core of the galaxy, which has a super-powerful gravitational field that exists due to its mass (millions or billions of the masses of the Sun). The principle of the formation of supermassive black holes has not yet been established. According to one version, the cause of such a collapse is too compressed gas clouds, the gas in which is extremely discharged, and the temperature is incredibly high. The second version is the increment of masses of various small black holes, stars and clouds to a single gravity center.
Our galaxy
Supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Waynot included in the category of the most powerful. The fact is that the galaxy itself has a spiral structure, which, in turn, causes all its participants to be in constant and fairly fast motion. Thus, the gravitational forces, which could be concentrated exclusively in a quasar, are scattered, as it were, and increase uniformly from edge to core. It is easy to guess that things are different in elliptical or, say, irregular galaxies. On the "outskirts" the space is extremely discharged, the planets and stars practically do not move. But in the quasar itself, life literally beats the key.
Parameters of the Milky Way quasar
Using the radio interferometry method,The researchers were able to calculate the mass of a supermassive black hole, its radius, and the gravitational force. As noted above, our quasar is dim; it is difficult to call it super-powerful, but even the astronomers themselves did not expect the true results to be such. So, Sagittarius A * (the so-called core) equates to four million solar masses. Moreover, according to obvious data, this black hole does not even absorb matter, and the objects that are in its environment do not heat up. An interesting fact was also noticed: the quasar is literally buried in gas clouds, the matter of which is extremely discharged. Perhaps, at present, the evolution of the supermassive black hole of our galaxy is just beginning, and after billions of years it will become a real giant, which will attract not only planetary systems, but also other, smaller star clusters.
No matter how small the mass of our quasar is,most scientists struck his radius. Theoretically, this distance can be overcome in a few years on one of the modern spacecraft. The dimensions of a supermassive black hole slightly exceed the average distance from the Earth to the Sun, namely 1.2 astronomical units. The gravitational radius of this quasar is 10 times smaller than the main diameter. With such indicators, of course, matter simply cannot be slandered until it directly crosses the event horizon.
Paradoxical facts
Milky Way Galaxy belongs to the categoryyoung and new star clusters. This is evidenced not only by her age, parameters and position on a map of the cosmos known to man, but also by the power that her supermassive black hole has. However, as it turned out, the “funny” parameters can have not only young space objects. Many quasars, which have incredible power and gravity, surprise with their properties:
- Ordinary air often has a higher density than supermassive black holes.
- Getting to the event horizon, the body will notto experience tidal forces. The fact is that the center of the singularity is deep enough, and in order to reach it, you will have to go a long way, even without suspecting that there will be no more way.
Giants of our universe
One of the most voluminous and oldest objects inthe cosmos is a supermassive black hole in the quasar OJ 287. This is a whole Lazertida located in the constellation of Cancer, which, by the way, is very poorly visible from Earth. It is based on a binary system of black holes, therefore, there are two event horizons and two points of singularity. The largest object has a mass of 18 billion solar masses, almost like a small full-fledged galaxy. This companion is static, only objects that fall within its gravitational radius rotate. The smaller system weighs 100 million solar masses, and also has a revolution period of 12 years.
Dangerous neighborhood
Galaxies OJ 287 and the Milky Way as it wasare established, are neighbors - the distance between them is about 3.5 billion light years. Astronomers do not exclude the version that in the near future, these two space bodies will collide, forming a complex star structure. According to one of the versions, precisely because of the approach to a similar gravitational giant, the movement of the planetary systems in our galaxy is constantly accelerating, and the stars become hotter and more active.
Supermassive black holes are actually white
At the very beginning of the article was toucheda delicate question: the color in which the most powerful quasars post in front of us is hardly black. To the naked eye, even in the simplest photograph of any galaxy, one can see that its center is a huge white dot. Why then do we think this is a supermassive black hole? Photos taken through telescopes show us a huge cluster of stars that attracts the core to itself. Planets and asteroids that rotate nearby, because of their close proximity, reflect, thereby multiplying all the light present nearby. Since the quasars do not tighten with lightning speed all neighboring objects, but only keep them in their gravitational radius, they do not disappear, but begin to glow even more, because their temperature is growing rapidly. As for the ordinary black holes that exist in outer space, their name is fully justified. The dimensions are relatively small, but the force of gravity is enormous. They simply “eat up” the light, without releasing a single quantum from their banks.
Cinema and supermassive black hole
Gargantua - this term humanity has become widelyuse against black holes after the Interstellar movie came out. Looking through this picture, it is difficult to understand why this particular name was chosen and where the connection is. But in the original scenario they planned to create three black holes, two of which would be called Gargantua and Pantagruel, taken from the satirical novel by Francois Rabelais. After the changes, only one “rabbit hole” remained, for which the first name was chosen. It is worth noting that in the film a black hole is depicted as realistic as possible. So to say, the design of its appearance was done by the scientist Kip Thorn, who was based on the studied properties of these cosmic bodies.
How do we know about black holes?
If it were not for the theory of relativity, which wasproposed by Albert Einstein in the early twentieth century, no one would probably even pay attention to these mysterious objects. A supermassive black hole would be regarded as an ordinary cluster of stars in the center of the galaxy, while the rank and file, small ones, would go unnoticed. But today, thanks to theoretical calculations and observations that confirm their correctness, we can observe such a phenomenon as the curvature of space-time. Modern scientists say that finding the rabbit hole is not so difficult. Around such an object, matter behaves unnaturally, it not only shrinks, but sometimes it glows. A bright halo is formed around the black dot, which is visible in a telescope. In many ways, the nature of black holes helps us to comprehend the history of the formation of the Universe. At their center is a point of singularity, similar to that from which the whole world around us had previously evolved.
Доподлинно неизвестно, что может случиться с a man who crosses the event horizon. Will gravity crush it, or will it be in a completely different place? The only thing that can be stated with complete certainty is that the gargantua slows down time, and at some point the clock hand stops completely and irrevocably.
