Bright short life S. I.Muravyov-Apostol is inextricably linked with the fateful events of Russia at the beginning of the XIX century. Leo Tolstoy, who did not share the ideas of the Decembrists, called him one of the best people not only of that, but of any other time. A descendant of the ancient family, which is related to the famous Ukrainian hetman Daniil Apostol, Sergei Ivanovich, who heads the list of Decembrists, became a staunch Republican and an active opponent of serfdom.
Childhood Muravyev-Apostol
September 28, 1796 in the family of statefigure Ivan Matveyevich Muravyev-Apostol was born the fourth child, named Sergei. Shortly after his birth, Ivan Matveyevich was sent by the Emperor Paul I envoy to Hamburg, where he went with his family. After returning to Russia in 1801, Ivan Matveyevich soon moved to Madrid on official business. Under pressure from Napoleon, who came to power in France, the Russian mission was recalled from Spain. Leaving the family in Paris, Ivan Matveyevich returns to Russia and gets retired. Sergey begins training at the Hicks Guesthouse, where he immediately turned his attention to himself with his agility and excellent successes in academic disciplines.
Homecoming
Although the children grew up abroad andthey speak French, under the influence of the mother they had a strongly developed sense of patriotism and love for Russia. However, when in 1809 the family returned to St. Petersburg and the children happily accepted this return, Anna Semyonovna, their mother immediately warned that Russia was a country of slaves, meaning serfdom. Sergey's brilliant mathematical skills allow him in 1810 to easily enter the newly formed school of railway engineers.
Participation in the war of 1812
After Napoleon’s attack on Russia, the student wassent for service to the headquarters of the army, commanded by Kutuzov. In June 1812, the 15-year-old Sergei received his baptism of fire in the battles for Vitebsk, and then the young second lieutenant participated in the battle of Borodino. The army commander, M.I. Kutuzov, tried to keep him at the headquarters, but at a critical moment a young officer in the sapper company under the French fire was building and defending fortifications-redoubts.
Tarutinsky battle
Significance of the battle of tarutinsky in which alsoa second lieutenant distinguished himself, who did not reach the 16th anniversary, was not only that successful results were achieved for the first time, but also in raising the spirit of the Russian troops. Historians believe that the Tarutinsky battle with its success in October 1812 forced Napoleon to decide to withdraw from captured Moscow. Then there was a fierce battle of Maloyaroslavets, which led to the fact that Napoleon refused to further advance to Kaluga, the main forces of the Russian army began to pursue the retreating French troops. After Maloyaroslavets, colleagues from among those sent from college to war returned to St. Petersburg to continue their studies, but Sergei Ivanovich Muravyev-Apostol decided to remain in the army in the field. The participation of Muravyov-Apostol in further battles for the liberation of the Fatherland from the French invasion was marked by awarding the Golden Sword and awarding the rank of lieutenant. After the expulsion of Napoleon from Russia, he was awarded the Order of St.. Anna III degree.
Foreign trip
Wanting to participate in a foreign campaign, the 16-year-oldThe officer made an appointment to the Jaeger battalion. For the case of Lutzen (Germany) Muraviev-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich, whose biography was very difficult, was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 4 tbsp. with a bow. Since 1814, under the command of General Rajewski, he participated in many battles, and for the battle of Paris, the young captain received the Order of Anna of the 2nd degree. In Paris, he meets with his elder brother Matthew, and together in March 2014 they return to Russia, where their father and eight-year-old brother Hippolyte are waiting for them.
The organization of the first secret societies
The unanimous uprising of the Russian people againstforeign invasion in 1812 showed the strength of the spirit of ordinary people, including the serfs. After the glorious military campaign, when Russia liberated Europe from the yoke of Napoleon, the enlightened part of the advanced Russian nobility was in anticipation of the liberation of the peoples of their Fatherland from the yoke of the autocracy. According to S.I. Muravyev-Apostol, the liberation of Russia from its own yoke will lead to the liberation of the whole world, will contribute to the development and prosperity of the country.
The desire to help people free themselves from tyrannytheir masters, to escape from the hopeless needs and at the same time avoid the repetition of the horrors of “Pugachev's” led the best representatives of the privileged class to the need to unite. The first decade of the 19th century was generally rich in various secret societies, including Masonic lodges, with the help of which nobles could fill the spiritual vacuum after actively participating in world events. One of these societies, which were established in 1815, was the "Artel of officers of the Semenov regiment", organized by N. M. Muravyov. S.I. Muraviev-Apostol, who, after returning from a foreign campaign, transferred to serve in the Semenov regiment, became a member of the artel together with his brother Matvey. The objectives of this society, consisting of 15-20 people, were vague and unclear. Soon, at the direction of the emperor, the artel was dissolved, but the assembly of its members continued, and it could be considered the basis for the further development of the revolutionary movement.
Union of Salvation
The first secret organization of officers ("Unionsalvation ") was established in 1816 in the house of the Muravyov-Apostol brothers, where Prince Trubetskoy, Alexander and Nikita Muravyovs, Yakushkin were also present. The organization of young officers, renamed in 1817 after P.I. Pestel was accepted into its membership in the “Society of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland,” both remained and remained small (30 people), but with more clearly defined goals. The main task of society was the struggle for the liberation of the peasants from serfdom and the elimination of autocracy, which is enshrined in the charter of society. In an effort to spread their influence widely, they accepted not only noblemen as members of society, but also burghers, merchants, clergy, and free peasants.
Руководила обществом так называемая Коренная The council, which included Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich. Along with the growing discontent of the masses inside the country and the intensification of the all-European revolutionary situation in the Union of Welfare, supporters of the decisive military onslaught on the autocracy and the establishment of a republican system gained more and more influence. The correctness of this approach was confirmed by the spontaneous performance in 1820 of the soldiers-guardsmen of the Semenov regiment. After suppression of indignation in the Semenov regiment, he was disbanded, and Muraviev-Apostol Sergei Ivanovich was transferred to the Chernigov infantry regiment as a colonel. The Congress of the Root Board of the Union of Prosperity, which was created in January 1821, announced the dissolution of society. However, it was not the liquidation, but the reorganization of the “Union”, which resulted in the organization of the two societies coordinating joint actions.
"Southern Society"
Тайная организация на Украине, инициатором the creation of which were members of the Tulchinsk administration of the Union of Prosperity, was called the Southern Society. It was headed by P.I. Pestel, Sergey Muravyov-Apostol (Decembrist) became the head of the most numerous Vasilyevsky council. The program goals and objectives of the society, to which the Society of United Slavs joined in 1825, are set out in the “Russian Truth” by Pavel Ivanovich Pestel.
The goals of society remained consonant with the objectives of the “UnionProsperity, but action was suggested more decisively, using the killing of the king, to decapitate the monarchist party. At the same time, Pestel believed that the uprising should occur in the capital and be thoroughly prepared, and Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol, Decembrist, insisted on early action using troops under the command of officers - members of the "Southern Society".
Rise of the Chernigov Regiment
After the failure of the military speeches on the SenateSquare (St. Petersburg), at the end of December 1815 in the Chernigov regiment stationed in the Kiev province, a riot of soldiers began. The reason for the uprising was the arrest of Lieutenant Colonel S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, who was personally led by the regiment commander after receiving news of the uprising in St. Petersburg. The next day, the rebels occupied Cornflowers, and then Motovilovka. In Motovilovka, a proclamation of the rebels (the “Orthodox Catechism”), which was composed by Muravyov-Apostol and Bestuzhev-Ryumin, was announced before the formation. The Chernigov regiment began to move to St. Petersburg with the hope that it would be supported by other military units. However, these hopes were unfounded, and under the White Church, the regiment was surrounded by a detachment of hussars and gunners. January 3, 1826 they were defeated by government forces. Sergey Ivanovich's younger brother, Hippolytus, not wanting to be captured, shot himself, and he himself, seriously wounded, was captured. During the investigation, he behaved courageously and nobly, trying to shield his comrades and take all the blame on himself.
Decembrist movement in Russia
The Decembrist movement in Russia was special in thatthat they did not rely on a specific social stratum and, taking the deadly risk in the name of liberating the people, did not seek support in it. The situation of the interregnum after the sudden death of Alexander I allowed the Decembrists to withdraw guards regiments to Senate Square in order to force the Senate to declare the destruction of autocracy, the abolition of serfdom and the establishment of political freedoms.
Indecision and fragmented actionconspirators led to the fact that the Decembrist uprising (year 1825) was defeated. The Supreme Criminal Court, created for the trial of participants in the military rebellion, sentenced 121 people. In accordance with the degree of guilt, all those who were on the Decembrist list were divided into 11 categories. In the first category, providing for the death penalty at first, and then replaced by eternal hard labor, 31 people were convicted. Five people, recognized by the investigative commission outside the ranks, were sentenced to hanging, including Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich. In July 1826, the sentence was carried out.
House Muravyev-Apostol
Manor of Muravyov-Apostolov in Moscowlocated on the Old Basin street. After the uprising of the Decembrists (year 1825), the house was sold. The perpetuation of the memory of the first Russian revolutionaries was still thought by Lunacharsky, who was about to open a museum of the Decembrists in the manor house. The implementation of this plan took place only in 1986, but five years later it was closed due to the accident rate of the building. Invited in 1991, the descendants of the Muravyov-Apostles decided to restore the building with the efforts of the family. After almost ten years of hard work, the main house of the estate was restored and leased to the Decembrist Museum. Currently, there are regularly held exhibitions and tours.
