Vowels in Russian are few, howeverspelling rules relating to them, quite a lot. These letters are found in various parts of the word and in combination with various consonants. Vowels after hissing cause particular difficulty. There are quite a few rules here, we will try to systematize them and give specific examples. There is also a lot of controversy caused by iota vowel. After a vowel of this kind, as a rule, a dividing soft sign is written. Usually, a spelling letter is considered to be a letter that is in a weak position (i.e. under the stress), but in combination with a hiss and a strong position can cause many questions. Therefore, we will sort the rules for vowels in both strong and weak positions.
Yotted vowels
First, let's look at what is iotinatedvowel. After a vowel, at the beginning of a word or before a hard or soft sign, similar letters are pronounced with a sound [nd] at the beginning: [yo] f (hedgehog), lies ’[yo] (lies), plo [ya] yes (pleiad).
E after the vowel, it also gives an iota sound: according to [ye] hal, into [ye] nny.
Letters a, u after sizzling
The use of the term “hissing consonants” is quite common. What does he mean? These are the sounds that, when articulated, are accompanied by a characteristic hissing appearance. it Well, w, u, h, c.
It should be said that initially they had a pair of mildness or were always firm, but with the development of the language they lost either a pair (for example, [g], [br]) or from natively hard steel they became soft ([h]).
This explains the vowel behind them. After the vowel, standing hissing is usually not affected by anything. So, after the sizzling is always written only a or the (use I or Yu considered a blunder). For example: Jacqueline, jasmine, creepy, screw, shawl, sorrel, pike, thicket, gull, heron, tsunami.
This rule does not apply to words of foreign origin, some surnames and place names: brochure, Jules, Qianjian, parachute, jury, Kotsyubinsky, Steponavičius.
Spelling u, s after sizzling
It should be remembered that after all hissing except centners, only a letter is written and. After a vowel, there can be any consonant or other vowel sound.
For example: fat, animal, life, wide, fascist, kids, shield, cloaks, bream, purge, swords, read.
There are rules and exceptions, they relate to proper names, they can be written s. For example, the Vietnamese name is Chuong.
And or you combined with c
Let us consider what vowels should be written after centners. Letter s written in the following cases:
- If it stands at the end of a noun or adjective. For example: three capitals, well done, udaletsy, short fur, narrow-faced man, pickled cucumbers.
- In proper and common nouns with the suffix -Yn or -cyn-: Tsaritsyno, Golitsyn, Lisitsyn's tail, marten fur.
- In some exception words: Gypsy (and all its derivatives), chicken, cram, tiptoe.
In surnames and or s after centners It is not regulated by the rule, only by title documents, in which the correct spelling is indicated. For example, in the names Kunitsyn, Staritsyn is written s, and Yeltsin or Vitsin must be written through and.
Now we will analyze the cases when after centners required to use and. These are all those that do not fall under the above rules.
- The roots of words (except for the exceptions listed in paragraph 3 of the previous rule). For example: numeral, circus, tsigika, specific, cylinder, Tsiolkovsky, vaccine.
- Suffixes of foreign origin: constitution, revolution, organization, interpretation, medicine, routing, calcite.
- As a link between parts of a compound word and in abbreviations, it is also written and: Central Executive Committee, special, blitsinform.
Shock position o, e combined with hissing
In a strong position to transmit sound [e] after hissing should write e. For example: pearls, tin, whispering, rustling, chink, rubble, goal, centner, jaw, honor.
Vowels o / e after hissing obey their rules.
- If it is part of the end of nouns or adjectives (barge, gap, shoulder, gun, alien, large), as well as the suffix of adverbs: hot, fresh.
- If it is a noun suffix.Let us list the variants of such morphemes: -ox- (friend, circle, pie, jump); -onk- (little book, little paper, little money, girls, boys, kegs); -onok - / - chonok- (keg, gallion, hare, badger); -onysh (as a rule, these are colloquial words: uzhnysh, baby); -ovk- (raincoat, fight, small things); - ob- (slum, thicket); - off - (ratchet) and the last suffix - uvschinen- requires at itself endings a: stabbing.
- If it is an adjective suffix -ov-:cheap, walrus, brocade. This also includes nouns derived from these words, ending with it -ovka - / - ovnik-: mat, brocade, groshovka, pear, speech. also the suffix -ov- is often found in surnames. Here it is worth being guided by documents given at birth. So, Borschov and Borshchev, Khrushchev and Khrushchev, Kumachov or Kumachyov can be written.
- If it is an adverb or an adjective with a suffix -low-little: little (little), fresh-made (fresh-little). These words are colloquial.
- If you are fluent in nouns and adverbs: zhor (guzzle); burn (burn); rampage (rozhna); guts (guts - genitive).
- If the word is borrowed and the vowels after sizzling at his root: joker, shorts, anchovy, major, Joyce (proper names also obey this rule)
When under stress should write e?
We list the cases when at the root of the hissing should write e:
- In the verb endings, 1 person – it (bake, cut, lie), 2 faces (you burn (burn, lie, bake, burn, lie, bake)) and 3 faces (bake, lie, burn).
- If the verb ends in -evy: dozhdevyv, delimit; in participles, formed from similar words: delimited, dozed; verbal nouns: delimitation, shading.
- If a word is a noun formed from a verb: to sleep - overnight, uproot - uproot, stew - stew, to migrate - to migrate.
- If a word has a suffix -er (as a rule, it means any activity): a supervisor, a conductor, a traveling salesman, an intern, a simulator.
- If the word passive participle: baked, muffled, immersed, set on fire.
- If you can pick up the word, where in the root will be clearly heard e. Lattice - sieve; brush - bristle; wool -wool; chewed - chew; hard - tin; the liver is the liver; perch - perch; acorn - (no) acorns; bangs (brow - outdated "forehead"); whisper - whisper; dandy - to flaunt; cheeks - cheek. It should be noted that there are proper names that are not amenable to this rule.
- In the interrogative-relative pronoun that, used in the prepositional case (about what), also derived words (at all, nothing, and)
O and e in an unstressed position
As for spelling about or e in an unstressed position, it is necessary to rememberthat in a weak position you should write the letter that is heard in a strong one. This applies to both the roots: tin - tin; woolly - wool; yellow - yellow; and suffixes: key, mantle, scourge; and endings: husband, watchman, ginger.
It is necessary to memorize foreign words in which it is written in an unstressed position about: major domo, highway, shock, lecho, Chopin, poncho, banjo and others. Their spelling should be checked with the spelling dictionary.
If the word has an inter-prefix, and the root begins with a vowel in a weak position, then you should write about: inter-branch, inter-orbital. This rule also applies to words that are complex-contracted: leather.
O and e in combination with c
After the letter centners weak about and e are checked by a strong position: filter - filter, censorship - censor, shop floor - shop. Also: pepper, fighting, pollen.
Words of foreign origin may contain unstressed about after centners: mezzo, scherzo, duke.
Clatter written through about (clatter).
