Induction is such a way of doing a logicala conclusion at which the general position comes from the particular. Such a deduction through mathematical, psychological and factual ideas binds together several prerequisites. This approach is based on the belief that in nature absolutely all phenomena depend on each other.
For the first time the term "induction" is found even inSocrates, however, its value was significantly different from the modern. He believed that the comparison of several special cases, with the exception of false, allows us to give the concept of a general definition. Aristotle went further: he had already pointed out the differences between complete and incomplete induction, but he could not yet explain the rights and basics of the latter. He considered this type of inference the complete opposite of the syllogism.
When the Renaissance philosophers began to activelyto rebel against the views of Aristotle, the method of induction was declared the only effective in natural science. He was sharply opposed to the syllogistic approach of the ancient Greek philosopher.
Считается, что метод индукции практически в том In the form in which it is accepted in modern science, F. Bacon was put forward. Although he actually already had such predecessors as Leonardo da Vinci and some other thinkers. In words Bacon did not attach any importance to the syllogism. But in practice, his induction cannot do without this concept. F. Bacon believed that the generalization should be carried out gradually and take into account three rules, consider the manifestation of a certain property from three sides:
1) review of cases of negative;
2) a review of positive cases;
3) a review of those cases in which the property manifests itself in varying degrees, with different strengths. And starting from all this, a generalization can be deduced.
Thus, according to Bacon, it turns out that withoutsyllogism, that is, without summing up the subject, which is investigated, under general conclusions, it is impossible to derive a new judgment. This means that the scientist was not able to completely oppose the inductive method to the deductive method that Descartes advanced. And yet F. Bacon did not stop there. Realizing that his method has drawbacks, he suggested ways to overcome them. So, he believed that the probabilistic nature of this method, its incompleteness, will gradually be able to overcome the knowledge accumulated by people in many areas of life.
The induction method can be of two types:complete and incomplete. In the first case, a statement will be proved up to the last special case, until all options are exhausted. The conclusion is quite reliable. This method is beyond doubt. In addition, it expands the knowledge of man about some subject.
Метод неполной индукции, наоборот, наблюдение за specific, individual cases leads to a hypothesis, which then must also be proved. From the point of view of logic, he offers insufficient arguments; the conclusion advanced with his help may be erroneous. This method of induction needs some more proof, since it is probabilistic in nature. However, errors are possible in both cases. They occur due to the fact that the investigation, which is dealt with, conducting research, you can pick up too many reasons, which, moreover, may relate to different time period.
The most advanced type of induction is scientificinduction. It concludes about the properties of objects belonging to the same class, is made after the study of their internal conditionality. This distinguishes it from the usual induction, in which the properties of the studied subject are considered spontaneously, randomly.
By the way, this method of making conclusions is characteristic not only of logic. Methods of scientific induction are also widespread in philosophy, physics, medicine, economics, and law.
