The plants are made up of organs likevegetative and reproductive. Each of them is responsible for certain functions. Vegetative - for development and nutrition, and the reproductive organs of plants are involved in reproduction. These include flower, seed and fruit. They are responsible for the "birth" of offspring.
Vegetative organs
The emergence of vegetative organs was associated with the need to obtain nutrients from the soil. These include:
- The root is the main organ of every plant growing in the ground.
- The escape.
- Stem.
- The leaves are responsible for photosynthesis.
- Buds.
The root is characteristic of all plants, as it holds them and feeds them, extracting useful substances from the water. It is from him that the shoots go, on which the leaves grow.
When sowing the seed sprout first root.It is the main organ of the plant. After the root gains strength, a system of shoots appears. Then the stem is formed. On it are the side shoots in the form of leaves and buds.
The stem supports the leaves and carries nutrients to them from the roots. He can also store water in him for the duration of the drought.
The leaves are responsible for photosynthesis and gas exchange. In some plants, they perform other functions, such as the supply of substances or reproduction.
In the process of evolution, the organs are modified. This allows plants to adapt and survive in nature. There are new types that are increasingly unique and unpretentious.
Root
A vegetative organ that retains the stem is involved in the process of sucking water and nutrients from the soil throughout the life of the plant.
It arose after the appearance of sushi. The root helped the plants adapt to changes on earth. In the modern world, there are still rootless moss and psilotope.
In angiosperms, root development begins with the embryo entering the ground. As it develops, a stable organ emerges from which a shoot sprouts.
The root is protected by a cap, which helps to get useful substances. This is due to its structure and high content of starch.
Stem
Осевой вегетативный орган.The stem carries leaves, buds and flowers. It is a conductor of nutrients from the root system to other plant organs. The stem of grassy species is also capable of photosynthesis, as are the leaves.
He is able to perform the following functions:stockpiling and breeding. The structure of the stem is a cone. Epidermis, or tissue, is the primary bark of some plant species. In peduncles, it is more friable, and in shoots, for example, in sunflower, it is lamellar.
The function of photosynthesis is performed due to the factthat the stem contains chloroplast. This substance converts carbon dioxide and water into organic products. The stock of substances occurs due to starch, which is not consumed during the growth period.
Interestingly, in monocotyledonous plants, the stem retains its structure throughout the life cycle. In dicotyledons, it changes. This can be seen in the cut of trees, where annual rings are formed.
Sheet
This is a lateral vegetative organ. Leaves differ in appearance, structure and function. The body is involved in photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration.
The evolution of plants has led to the appearance of trapsspecies. They catch the leaves of insects and feed them. This organ in some species of plants turns into spines or antennae, thereby performing a protective function against animals.
У листа есть основание, которое соединяет его со stalk Through it, nutrients enter the leaves. The base can grow in length or in width. Following him, stipules grow. The leaf has veins, which are divided into two types: open and closed.
Life expectancy of this vegetative organ is small. Trees shed their leaves, as they contain waste products left after photosynthesis.
Vegetative reproduction
Each plant has its own cycle of life. There are two types of reproduction using vegetative organs:
- Natural.
- Artificial.
Natural reproduction is carried out by leaves, lashes, root tubers, rhizomes, and bulbs.
Artificial reproduction:
- Divide the bush. Rhizome plants are divided into several parts and planted.
- The second method is rooting cuttings. They can be not only root, but also leaf and stem.
- On the mother plant, you can use layouts.
- A method of grafting is also popular. This is when a part of one plant is transferred to another.
Vegetative organs help in the same way as reproductive organs in reproduction. Plants play a big role in human life and nature. On the ground, they occupy a large enough space.
Reproductive organs function
Их значение в строении цветка обеспечивает reproduction of the species, protection of seeds and their further dispersal. The reproductive organs of angiosperms are the flower, the seed and the fruit. They gradually replace each other.
A flower is a modified shoot thatgradually changing appearance. The seed that is inside ripens and gathers nutrients. After fertilization, it turns into a fetus. It consists of many seeds and a pericarp that protects them from the external environment.
The vegetative and reproductive organs of plants always interact. Without each other, they will not be able to perform their functions.
Flower
В природе все устроено так, чтобы цветы проживали your cycle again. As we have said, the reproductive organs of the plant include the flower, the fruit and the seed. They are interrelated with each other in order to support life and enable new generations to be born.
Such a reproductive organ of a plant, like a flower, is responsible for pollination, fertilization and the formation of seeds. It is a shortened shoot, which changes in the process of growth.
Consider what the flower is made of:
- Pedicle - axial part.
- Cup. Consists of sepals and is located at the bottom of the inflorescence.
- The Corolla. Responsible for the color of the flower and consists of petals.
- Stamen. It produces pollen, which helps in pollination.
- Pestle. This is the place where pollen grows.
Most often formed inflorescences. This is a group of several flowers. They are simple and complex, that is, with one pedicel or with several. Their number can reach ten thousand in one plant.
Inflorescence is a group of flowers.It is located at the ends of the shoots, as well as branches of trees. Most often, the inflorescence is formed from small flowers. They, in turn, are divided into simple and complex. The first have one axis on which the flowers are located. The latter have side branches.
Common inflorescence types:
- Brush - at bird cherry, lily of the valley.
- Corn cob.
- Basket - chamomile or dandelion.
- Umbrellas - at the cherry.
- Scutellum - at a pear.
Complex inflorescences are somewhat simple. Their origin is related to the function of fertilization. The greater the number of flowers, the faster the pollen is transferred.
Fetus
Reproductive organs of plants in the first placeperform the function of reproduction. The fruit protects the seeds from their premature spread. They are dry or juicy. Seeds are formed inside the fruit, gradually ripening. Some of them are equipped with devices that help spread, for example, a dandelion flies in the wind.
Main types of fruits:
- Single-seeded with three layers - cherry, apricot, peach.
- Multi-seed pulp - grapes.
The dry multi-seeded fruit happens with a partition - cabbage, and without it - peas. Oak - single-seeded.
Reproductive organs of flowering plants are arranged so that the seeds are distributed in several ways:
- On water.
- By air.
- With the help of animals.
- Self dispensed.
The organs are arranged so that the plants passthe process from the birth of roots to breeding. The fruits have adapted to be carried by animals. It is provided with such devices as hooks, parachutes, color accents and pleasant taste.
Seed
Knowing which plant organs belong toreproductive, you can understand exactly how they multiply. The seed reproduces the offspring and settles it for later cultivation. It is made up of the rind, germ and nutrients from the stem.
In the composition of the seed are proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In fact, the embryo is the rudiment of the stem, root and leaves. It is the main part of the seed and comes in with one or two cotyledons.
Seeds are also divided into several different types. In some, the nutrients are in the endosperm, others are completely lacking tissue for supplies.
Seed skin protects against environmental influences, wind and animals. After maturation, it helps to settle the plant. Some species store nutrients in their skins.
Seeds for humans and animals are food. Their value on earth is quite high, like that of a fetus. These plant organs are involved in the life cycle of insects and animals, thereby providing them with food.
Higher plants
В растительном мире все устроено так, чтобы organisms had the opportunity to grow constantly. Higher plants have organs such as sprout and root. They differ in that an embryo appears in the process of fertilization.
Reproductive organs of higher plants, interacting with vegetative, change their life phases. They include four departments:
- Ferns grow in moist places. These include horsetails and moss. Their structure includes the root, stem and leaves.
- Mossyms are an intermediate group.Their body consists of tissue, but they have no vessels. Live in both wet and dry soil. Moss multiplies not only by spores, but also sexually and vegetatively.
- Gymnosperms. The most ancient plants. Most often they include conifers and shrubs. They do not bloom, and their fruits form a cone with seeds inside.
- Angiosperms. The most common plants.They differ in that the seeds are safely covered under the skin of the fruit. Reproduction occurs in several ways. They differ in that they have female and male sexual organs in the structure.
All these plants grow and develop on the ground.already quite a long time. They differ from each other in the way of reproduction and in the presence of certain organs. However, it should be noted that the vegetation has a great influence on human life.
Flowering plants
This species is the most numerous in the plant world. Flowering, or angiosperms, have grown on the planet since ancient times. Ferns in the process of evolution were divided into many species.
Main reproductive organs of flowering plants- these are seeds. They are protected by the fruit, which helps them to be better preserved until the moment of their spread. Interestingly, this group of plants is the only one that can form multi-tiered communities. In turn, the flowers are divided into two subspecies: monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous.
The main difference of flowering is thatreproductive organs of plants - flower, fruit and seed. Pollination occurs through wind, water, insects and animals. In the structure of the plant there is a female and male outgrowth, as well as double fertilization.
The seed during germination is saturated with water and swells,then the reserve substances are split and give energy for germination. A germ emerges from the embryo, which later becomes a flower, tree or grass.
Gymnosperms
This species appeared millions of years ago.Gymnosperms multiplied by spores, and in the process of evolution seeds appeared. In its structure, the fruit is a bump. The seed is located under the scales and not protected by anything.
In gymnosperms, reproductive organs can be of various types. Some have bumps, others look like berries.
К ним относятся не только хвойные, но и deciduous trees. An amazing plant grows in the deserts of Kenya, which has only two large leaves. His relative is ephedra. It is a gymnosperm plant that has small round berries.
Pollination process
As you know, the reproductive organs of the plant include the flower, the fruit and the seed. In order for the process of fertilization to take place, pollination is necessary, which helps the appearance of offspring.
Angiosperm plants mergemale and female cells. This is due to cross pollination. This is the process of transferring pollen from one flower to another. In some cases, self-pollination occurs.
Helps are needed for cross-pollination.First of all, it is insects. They regale on sweet pollen and transfer it from flower to flower on their stigmas and wings. After this, the reproductive organs of plants begin their work. Flowers that are pollinated with insects are painted in bright and rich colors. After coloring they are attracted by the scent. Insects smell the flower, being from him at a sufficiently large distance.
Wind-pollinated plants are also equippedspecial adaptations. Their anthers are fairly freely located, so the wind carries pollen. For example, the poplar blooms during the winds. This makes it possible to carry the pollen from one tree to another without obstacles.
There are plants that help small birds to pollinate. Their flowers do not have a sharp aroma, but are equipped with a bright red color. It attracts birds to drink nectar, and at the same time pollination occurs.
Plant evolution
After the appearance of sushi nature has changed.The plants gradually evolved, and flowers, shrubs and trees replaced the ferns. This is due to the appearance of the root system, tissues and cells.
Due to the diversity of the reproductive organs of angiosperms, more and more species and subspecies appeared. For reproduction began to appear spores and seeds, which were germ cells.
Gradually, shoots, leaves and fruits appeared.After entering the land, the plants developed in two directions. Some (gametophytic) had two phases of development, others (sporophytic) passed from one cycle to another.
Plants adapted and developed.Spore species began to reach a height of 40 meters. Began to appear all the new reproductive organs of plants. Their evolution depended on the impact of the external environment.
An embryo formed inside the seed, which germinated after fertilization and spraying. Getting into the ground, he fed on nutrients and turned into a sprout.
The evolution of the fertilization process has led to the emergence of angiosperms, in which the seeds were protected by the fruit.
The value of plants to humans
The benefits of the natural world for people is priceless.Plants not only emit gases, salts and water, but also turn inorganic substances into essential for life. With the help of the root system, shoots and leaves, gas exchange takes place.
Green plants accumulate valuable organic matter, purify the air from carbon dioxide, while saturating it with oxygen.
Thanks to natural resources, people get morevaluable products necessary for life. Plants become food for animals and humans. They are used to treat various diseases in the production of cosmetics.
Since the reproductive organ of the plant isfruit and seed, they have become indispensable in human nutrition. Berries that grow on shrubs, like almost everyone. Interestingly, coal and oil are also derived from vegetation. Peatlands are the birth of algae and ferns.
Vegetative and reproductive organs of floweringplants play an important role in their life. They are responsible for nutrition, development and reproduction. When the life cycle ends, the seeds spread around and new plants sprout.
