Before identifying the main communication models,need to understand what, in fact, is a communication. There are several definitions of this process, each of which characterizes it in one way or another. In the most general terms, communication is the process of exchanging information between people (and not only) with the use of generally accepted and understandable signs and symbols. G.Gerbner defined it as a social process of interaction with the help of messages, APPanfilova called the process of communication a special exchange of information, during which its participants transmitted its emotional and intellectual content. A different definition was proposed by I.A. Richards, calling communication a phenomenon in which the consciousness of one individual acts on the consciousness of another in such a way that it creates an experience similar to its own.
Communication as a process of interactionnecessarily has at its core some kind of specific scheme or model. Highlighting the model of communication, it is necessary, first of all, to mention the “5W” model of the American researcher G. Lasswell that has become a textbook model. It consists of five components:
1) the source of information (who speaks);
2) the content of the information (what it says);
3) the mode of information exchange (language, codes, channels);
4) the consumer of information, the recipient (to whom it is transmitted);
5) the end result of communication (the final effect of the information received).
Such communication models are called linear andthey are characterized by unidirectionality, direct influence on the recipient, who acts here only as a source of information, reacting in some way to it. Often, such models are criticized for being directed only in one direction, and also do not take into account a very important component - the ultimate goal of the process, which is necessary when analyzing its effectiveness. Linear communication models were also proposed by J. Herbner, W. Schramm, R. O. Yakobson, C. Shannon and other researchers.
The second group of communication stands out.models. It includes non-linear communication models: interactive, field, interactive, etc. The outstanding Russian philologist Mikhail M. Bakhtin proposed the idea of a dialogic model of communication based on two postulates necessary for understanding this process.
First, Bakhtin pointed out that the very importantand a significant component of any statement is its targeting, mandatory appeal to someone, i.e. the presence of a listener, without which there can be no speaker.
Secondly, any statement is endowed with meaning.only in a certain context, at a certain time and in a certain place. In other words, the word as a code mark in itself means nothing and makes sense only in a text read by someone, and each new reading creates a new meaning of the word. Each new reader or listener creates their own text.
Nonlinear interactive communication modelsquestion the very term "information transfer". The Chilean researcher U. Maturana believes that this term merely means a more or less similar mutual understanding of something third, different, that does not mean what each of the participants of the process had in mind.
Gestalt therapists when communicating with the patient andcomprehension of his story use the concept of the field. This is a certain background behind which the patient’s speech is turned to the therapist, their relationship to each other as participants in communication interaction, as well as the attitude to the spoken speech from the standpoint of everyone’s personal life experience. This background is general, neutral. It helps to avoid mistakes in interaction and to achieve the desired result in therapeutic activity, despite the various subjective experiences of participants in interpersonal communication.
Модели массовой коммуникации также подразделяются on linear and conversational. The differences here are observed in the basic parameters of the communication process. So, if the sources of interpersonal communication are family, neighbors and friends, then in the mass - these are whole social institutions. Interpersonal communication occurs face to face, and mass - through various technological channels, and at remote distances. Finally, in interpersonal communication, one can observe a direct direct connection between the participants of the process, and see a lively response to it, and in the case of mass communication such communication will not be direct, indirect, or delayed.
