What is an abstraction?Everyone at least once in his life has heard this term, but not everyone knows what exactly he means. In modern science, it is generally accepted that abstraction is a kind of process of cognition of the external world, during which there is a distraction from any non-essential properties and aspects of the phenomenon (or object) in order to be able to identify significant and regular features.
As a result of this diversion, facts are generalized and important regularities are identified.
What is an abstraction? Brief historical essay
The very word "abstraction" in Latinmeans "distraction". For the first time this term was proposed by Aristotle. So what is abstraction? Aristotle believed that this is a subjective device of thinking, one-sided cognition and study of reality. By the way, this philosopher claimed that it is abstraction that creates science. After all, science and philosophy are generalized concepts that are impossible without abstract thinking. Unfortunately, the theory of the famous philosopher has not been recognized.
In the next few centuries, philosophers andscientists believed that abstraction is the so-called universal. After the replacement of religion and theology with real science, relying only on the results of research, this concept has acquired a different meaning. It was believed that abstraction - it's just a psychic feature of a man whose mind could not otherwise know the undivided nature of things.
In the early twentieth century, the views of scientists on the accountabstract thinking diverged. Some consider this to be only a feature of consciousness, while others maintain that this form of cognition is of great importance in the life of every person.
Abstract concepts and abstraction
It is believed that the abstract concept is the highestform of generalized thinking. To begin with, consciousness separates the sensory properties of the object, and then slowly proceeds to the definition and analysis of its non-sensible forms. Thus, the abstract properties of any objects are determined after an analysis of the relationship between them, a certain connection. It is believed that the higher form of generalization helps to identify increasingly important and significant signs of any things.
Abstraction is a mental selectionsome characteristics of elements of the same set. Thus, consciousness not only can determine some important, fundamental properties, but also predict some other unknown patterns.
Forms of abstract thinking
For several millennia of studying this formhuman cognition, some types of abstraction have been singled out. For example, if we talk about the goal of generalized perception, then we can distinguish the following types:
- Formal abstraction is a process of thinking, in whichtime of which the human consciousness distinguishes such characteristics of the object, which in themselves can not exist. An example is the shape or color of the element. It is interesting that this is how little children learn. Formal abstraction is the basis of theoretical thinking.
- Содержательная абстракция — во время изучения relatively independent properties are distinguished. For example, isolate the body cells (which exist by themselves) as its structural parts.
There are other types of abstract knowledge:
- Sensual, or primitive, abstraction - inIn the process of cognition, a person identifies some single properties of an object, while not paying attention to all the others. For example, a person selects a color, but does not take into account the shape.
- Generalizing abstraction - during study, attention is drawn only to the general properties of objects, with this, some individual features are discarded.
In fact, it is difficult to give an unequivocal answer to the question of what abstraction is. After all, the processes of generalizing thinking can be very diverse and diverse.
