Consider the electronic structure of the iron atom, as well as its location in the periodic table. Identify the basic physical and chemical properties of this element, the field of use.
Position in PS
Iron is the d-element of group 8 (sidesubgroups). It has 26 serial number, relative atomic mass - 56, in its atom contains 26 protons, 26 electrons, and also 30 neutrons. This metal has an average chemical activity, exhibits reducing properties. Typical oxidation states: +2, +3.
Features of the structure of the atom
What is the electronic structure of the iron atom? If we consider the distribution of electrons in energy levels, we obtain the following option:
2e; 8e; 14 th; 2nd. Such a structure of the electron shell of an atom of iron indicates its location in a secondary subgroup, confirms belonging to the g-family of elements.
Being in nature
Iron is one of the mostcommon chemical elements in nature. In the crust, its percentage is about 5.1%. In greater quantities in the depths of our planet there are only three elements: silicon, aluminum, oxygen.
Железные руды встречаются в разных регионах Земли.Alchemists have discovered compounds of this metal in the soil. In the production of iron, ores are chosen in which its content exceeds 30 percent.
Magnetic iron ore contains about seventytwo percent metal. The main deposits of magnetite are located in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, as well as in the Southern Urals. In krovavike, the percentage of iron reaches 65 percent. Hematite was found in the Krivoy Rog region.
Value for plants and animals
Какую роль в живых организмах выполняет железо?The structure of the atom explains its reducing properties. This chemical element is part of hemoglobin, giving it a characteristic red color. About three grams of pure iron, most of which is included in hemoglobin, is found in the body of an adult. The main purpose is to transfer to the tissues from the lungs of active oxygen, as well as the output of the resulting carbon dioxide.
Needed this metal and plants.Being a part of the cytoplasm, he takes an active part in the processes of photosynthesis. If there is not enough iron in the plant, its leaves are white in color. With minimal fertilizing with iron salts, the leaves of the plants become green.
Physical properties
We considered the structure of the iron atom.The scheme confirms the presence of a metallic luster for this element (there are valence electrons). The silver-white metal has a rather high melting point (1539 degrees Celsius). Due to good ductility, this metal is easy to rolling, stamping, forging.
The ability to magnetize and demagnetize, characteristic of iron, has made it an excellent material for the production of cores of powerful electromagnets in various apparatuses and electrical machines.
How active is iron?The structure of the atom shows the presence on the outer level of two electrons that will be given away during a chemical reaction. To increase its hardness and strength, additional rolling and hardening of the metal are carried out. Such processes are not accompanied by a change in the structure of the atom.
Iron species
Electronic structure of the iron atom, the scheme of whichwas discussed above, explains its chemical characteristics. In technically pure metal, which is a low carbon steel, the main component is iron. About 0.04 percent of carbon was detected as impurities, and phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur are also present.
Chemically pure iron in its externalParameters similar to platinum. It has a high resistance to corrosion processes, resistant to acids. With the slightest introduction of impurities into the pure metal, its unique characteristics disappear.
Options for obtaining
The structure of the atoms of aluminum and iron indicateabout the belonging of amphoteric aluminum to the main subgroup, the possibility of using it in the process of extracting iron from its oxides. Alumothermia, carried out at elevated temperatures, allows to produce pure metal from natural ores. In addition to aluminum, hydrogen, carbon monoxide (2), and coal are chosen as strong reducing agents.
Features of chemical properties
What chemical properties does iron have? The structure of the atom explains its reducing activity. Iron is characterized by the formation of two rows of compounds having oxidation states of +2, +3.
Rusting in wet air(corrosion) of the metal, as a result of iron hydroxide (3). With oxygen, the heated iron wire reacts with the appearance of black iron oxide powder (2,3), called iron oxide.
At high temperatures, the metal is able to interact with water vapor, thus forming a mixed oxide. The process is accompanied by the release of hydrogen.
The reaction with non-metals occurs only with the preliminary heating of the initial components.
Iron can be dissolved in dilute sulfuric or hydrochloric acids without preheating the mixture. Concentrated sulfuric and hydrochloric acids passivate this metal.
What other chemical properties does iron have?The structure of the atom of this element indicates its average activity. This is confirmed by the location of iron to hydrogen (H2) in a series of stresses. Consequently, it can displace all the metals from the salts, which are located to the right in the Beketov series. So, in the reaction with copper chloride (2), carried out when heated, the release of pure copper and obtaining a solution of iron chloride (2).
The bulk of all iron is used inproduction of iron and steel. In iron, the percentage of carbon is 3-4 percent, in steel - no more than 1.4 percent. This non-metal performs the function of an element that increases the strength of the connection. In addition, it has a positive effect on the corrosion properties of alloys, increases the resistance of the material to elevated temperature.
Vanadium additives are necessary to increase the mechanical strength of steel. Chromium increases the resistance to aggressive chemicals.
Ферромагнитные свойства этого химического an element made it demanded in the industrial installations including electromagnets in structure. In addition, iron has found its use in the souvenir industry. On its basis, various souvenirs are made, for example, colorful fridge magnets.
Strength and malleability allow you to use metal to create armor, various types of weapons.
Ferric chloride (3) is used to purify water fromimpurities. In medicine, 26 elements of the periodic system of Mendeleev are used in the treatment of diseases such as anemia. In case of a lack of red blood cells, fatigue occurs, the skin becomes an unnatural pale color. Iron preparations help to eliminate a similar problem, to return the body to full activity. Of particular importance is iron for the activity of the thyroid gland, the liver. To avoid serious problems in the human body, it’s enough to consume about 20 mg of this metal per day.
