Типология политических режимов может строиться на based on different approaches to the definition of this category. In this issue, there are many opinions, often the opposite. For example, Robert Dal, defining types of political regimes, relies on the following criteria: the degree of citizen participation in government and the ability to compete in the struggle for power. He distinguishes polyarchy, competitive oligarchy and hegemony of two kinds - closed and open. The latter imposes the most severe restrictions. Hegemony forbids even the slightest manifestation of the opposition. Oligarchs admit competition, but only one that does not go beyond the elite. The closest thing to democracy is polyarchy. In addition, there are also mixed types of political regimes.
Some researchers to independent groupsinclude liberalized, one-party, military, transitional, quasi-democratic types of government. So Samuel Huntington thought, for example. He outlined the following types of political regimes: military, one-party, racial oligarchy and personal dictatorship. That is, the classification depends on what tasks are facing the analysis of this or that form of government.
And yet, the most widespreadtypes of political regimes, proposed by Juan Linz, a scientist from the United States. He believed that there were only five of them: authoritarian, democratic, sultanistic, totalitarian and post-totalitarian. All of them are ideal options that have their characteristics. The signs of the political regime make it possible to distinguish it from other types. Juan Linz singled out four such criteria. This is the level of pluralism in society, political mobilization, the constitutionality of power and the degree of ideologization.
One regime for existence is simply necessarymobilize the masses that would support them. These include the totalitarian and post-totalitarian. And others do not even try to involve their citizens in politics. The level of political pluralism begins with the concentration of power in one person. With monism, the level of free-thinking is very limited, the views are controlled by a single figure. The highest degree of ideologization of the population, of course, in societies with a post-totalitarian or totalitarian regime of government. The constitutionality of the authorities is the presence or absence of restrictions on the use of their powers, as well as their tightening in a formal way. Borders and prohibitions can be fixed in traditions, ideology, customs, religion. Thus, the powers of the authorities have a limit for different types of democratic (constitutional) regimes. They are unconstitutional, respectively, not limited to anything.
Some features of non-democratic forms of government are discussed below.
Under totalitarian regime, some groupingpromotes and supports the leader, whose personality the entire political system closes. In order to ensure its domination, methods and means are used such as propaganda and open violence. Absolutely all aspects of the life of the society, even private relations, are subject to statehood. Often even representatives of the ruling authorities are subjected to repression with a preventive purpose: that others are afraid that it was not possible.
Authoritarian regime, according to Juan Linz, has the following features:
1) political free-thinking is limited;
2) a clear, developed ideology is lacking;
3) there is no political mobilization, the population hardly participates in the life of society;
4) the boundaries of the leader (authorities, elites) are designated formally and predictable.
Proceeding from these criteria, authoritarianism is divided into several varieties:
-vene-bureaucratic regime;
-Corporate authoritarianism;
-totalitarian;
-postocolonial;
-Race democracy.
