Open is considered the economy of the country wherefree access to foreign entities is open to most markets, industries and industries. In recent decades, as a result of changes in the global economy, most countries have become among the countries with open economies.
The most important indicators of openness of the economy -participation in world trade (share of exports and imports in production, the size of foreign trade quotas), as well as the relative weight of foreign investment relative to domestic. The absolute indicators include, for example, the value of exports of goods (services) in monetary terms per capita. In the United States, this figure is more than $ 3200, in Russia - about $ 700.
With the open nature of the global economythe state regulates the development of the national economy with the help of so-called. tariff and non-tariff barriers. Tariff includes an increase in the size of customs duties on imported goods. In 1948, an agreement was concluded between the countries - members of the World Trade Organization, from the start of which, up to now, the level of customs duties has decreased from an average of 40% to 5-7%. Now leverage, mainly, are non-tariff methods.
Что это такое? Прежде всего - квотирование.Foreign trade quota is the restriction imposed on the export or import of goods by their quantity or total value. Quotas are set for a specific period and are both general (for state needs) and special:
- natural, constraints in connection with the carrying capacity of, for example, oil pipelines or port terminals;
- exceptional (introduced in extreme cases to protect the domestic market and ensure national security);
- tariff (limiting the number of goods imported at reduced rates or duty-free. Goods imported above the established limit are subject to duty at the full rate);
- export and import.
Export quota is limitedexport deliveries of a product. It is usually introduced in countries that specialize in exporting specific raw materials as a measure of price stabilization. Thus, the export quota is a quantitative indicator characterizing the importance for the national economy of exporting a certain type of product or raw material. It is calculated for a certain period as a percentage of the volume of exported products (in quantitative or monetary terms) to the value of domestic production.
When voluntarily restricting export shipments, export quota is usually established by bilateral agreement or international agreement.
Such an agreement may determine the share of each country in the export of a particular commodity (for example, oil). Also, the export quota can be introduced by the government of the country in order to:
- sufficient filling of the domestic market with this type of product;
- restrictions on exports and the stabilization of the price of goods in the domestic market;
- ensuring balance of the trade balance and protection of national production interests;
- regulating the processes of supply and demand of the domestic market;
- the preservation of natural resources;
- in response to discrimination in the trade policy of other states.
Quoting the import avoidsdepending on imports in the event of a reduction in the stock of necessary products (due to climatic or other conditions) and serves as a tool in the negotiations on the export of national products.
Quoting is more flexible anda progressive instrument of foreign trade policy than changing tariffs, since the latter is established by the country's legislation and international agreements; in addition, the quota makes it impossible to increase sales by reducing prices. In addition, by quoting, the state can support certain manufacturers and industries.
Foreign trade licensing may beas part of quoting or as an independent tool of influence. A license (permission from state bodies) may be issued for import-export operations or their volume. It is applied for a certain period in relation to general government goods and in a number of other cases. In the Russian Federation, the right to export goods by quota, as well as the import and export of certain special-purpose goods (military, precious stones and metals, etc.) is subject to licensing.
