Under the abbreviation of emergency situations (emergency situations)understand some negative situation that has developed as a result of the environmental impact of certain factors. The territory of their distribution can vary from a small area to entire cities, countries or, theoretically, even the entire globe. Depending on the origin, such situations are divided into several groups. Each group, in turn, can contain descriptions of several similar ESs.
Causes of the emergence of extreme conditionscan be various accidents in factories and enterprises (especially those engaged in chemical, military or other potentially hazardous industries). Also here it is necessary to list catastrophes and natural disasters, unfavorable or abnormal natural phenomena, other accidents of technogenic and anthropogenic origin. As a rule, the occurrence of emergencies entails multiple negative consequences: in one way or another, damage is caused to the environment, human health or their property.
Types of natural disasters
An emergency situation of a natural nature hasthe same general criteria as other types of emergencies. In particular, it can be local or spread over a fairly large area. One of the characteristic features is its spontaneous occurrence. This should include potentially dangerous geological phenomena (subsidence of soil, volcanic activity), peat and forest fires, intense meteorological phenomena (such as storms, large hail, hurricanes, snowfall, monsoon showers or tornadoes). Also, natural disaster situations include hydrological accidents (flooding), mass invasions of pests, infectious epidemics among animals and humans, changes in the composition of the air or water environment.
In most international classificationsEnvironmental emergencies, which include environmental pollution, are allocated to a separate group. The reasons for this decision lie in the mixed origin of environmental disasters: the direct influence of a person plays a big role here, while a snowstorm or a hurricane occurs regardless of the impact of anthropogenic factors. But in the CIS countries everything is united in one category. So, similar disasters should also be attributed to natural disasters. Thus, there are only two main groups: technogenic and natural emergencies.
Classification of natural disasters in Russia
Despite the high development of science and technology,the person continues to be unprotected before the forces of nature as well as at the dawn of his appearance. This is especially evident in times of disaster, when the element breaks into our habitual, established way of life and completely changes it. Analysis of emergency situations that have occurred in recent decades, gives disappointing forecasts. According to observations of scientists every year the number of victims of such emergencies only increases (on average, 8.5 percent). The natural disasters themselves became more destructive by 4.3 percent. And this is despite a sufficiently developed system of forecasting and preventing similar events in the world.
In addition, in our time it is already obvious thatAnthropogenic impact still has an indirect effect on the occurrence of emergencies. Tragic and seemingly accidental natural disasters can be caused by our own reckless actions. For example, deforestation over time led to an increase in the frequency of floods in Russia and significantly expanded the spread of this dangerous phenomenon.
In total on the territory of our country there are about 30Natural phenomena that present a potential threat to people. The greatest destructive force of them have storms, hurricanes and tornadoes. Downpours, earthquakes, landslides and avalanches are a particular danger in mountainous areas. And with forest fires, one has to wage an annual battle in the taiga massifs. Because of the insufficiently developed warning system, many of the phenomena described above become even more dangerous.
According to statistics, most often we have emergenciesatmospheric origin (28%), in second place are earthquakes (24%) and the third line is occupied by seasonal floods (19%). At the same time, about forty percent of the entire territory of Russia is considered to be a full-fledged seismic zone. It is known that the earthquake is one of the most terrible natural disasters of natural nature, which can be very difficult to forecast. In most cases, this can not be done. The situation is complicated by the fact that in these areas there are some large radiation and chemically dangerous objects.
