Что было первым: яйцо или курица?Over this simple question, scientists around the world have been fighting for more than a dozen years. A similar question arises about what was at the very beginning, at the time of the creation of the universe. Was it, this creation, either the Universes are cyclical or infinite? What is black matter in space and how does it differ from white? Discarding various kinds of religion, we will try to approach the answers to these questions from a scientific point of view. Over the past few years, scientists have managed to make the incredible. Probably, for the first time in the history, the calculations of theoretical physicists came together with the calculations of experimental physicists. Over the years several different theories have been presented to the scientific community. More or less accurately, by empirical methods, sometimes quasi-scientific, however theoretical theoretical data were confirmed by experiments, some even with a delay of more than a dozen years (the Higgs boson, for example).
Dark matter is black energy
There are many such theories, for example:String theory, Big Bang theory (Big Bang), theory of cyclical universes, theory of parallel universes, Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), F. Hoyle's stationary Universe theory and others. However, at present, the generally accepted theory is considered to be a constantly expanding and evolving Universe, the theses of which fit well within the framework of the Big Bang concept. In this case, quasi-empirically (that is, empirically, but with large tolerances and based on existing modern theories of the structure of the microworld), data were obtained that all the microparticles we know make up only 4.02% of the total volume of the entire Universe. This is the so-called "baryon cocktail", or baryonic matter. However, the main part of our Universe (more than 95%) is substances of a different kind, of different composition and properties. This is the so-called black matter and black energy. They behave differently: they react differently to different kinds of reactions, are not fixed by the existing technical means, show properties not previously studied. From this we can conclude that either these substances obey other laws of physics (Nenyutonova physics, the verbal analogue of non-Euclidean geometry), or our level of development of science and technology is only at the initial stage of its formation.
What are baryons?
According to the currentthe quark-gluon model of strong interactions, the elementary particles are only sixteen (and the recent discovery of the Higgs boson confirms this): six types (flavors) of quarks, eight gluons and two bosons. Baryons are heavy elementary particles with strong interaction. The most famous of them are quarks, protons and neutrons. The families of such substances, differing in their backs, masses, their “color”, as well as the numbers of “charm” and “oddity”, are precisely the building blocks of what we call baryonic matter. Black (dark) matter, constituting 21.8% of the total composition of the Universe, consists of other particles that do not emit electromagnetic radiation and do not react with it at all. Therefore, for direct observation at a minimum, and even more so for the registration of such substances, it is necessary to begin to understand their physics and coordinate the laws with which they obey. Many modern scientists are currently engaged in this business in research institutes in different countries.
The most likely option
What substances are considered aspossible? To begin with, it should be noted that there are only two possible options. According to GTR and special relativity (General and Special Theory of Relativity), the composition of this substance can be both baryonic and non-barion dark matter (black). According to the main theory of the Big Bang, any existing matter is represented in the form of baryons. This thesis is proven with extremely high accuracy. Currently, scientists have learned to fix the particles formed a minute after the rupture of the singularity, that is, after the explosion of the superdense state of matter, with a body mass tending to infinity and body size tending to zero. The scenario with baryon particles is most probable, since it is from them that our Universe consists and continues to expand. Black matter, according to this assumption, consists of basic, generally accepted by Newtonian particle physics, but for some reason weakly interacting electromagnetic way. That is why the detectors do not fix them.
Not so smooth
This scenario suits many scientists, howeverthere are still more questions than answers. If both black and white matter are represented only by baryons, then the concentration of light baryons as a percentage of heavy ones, as a result of primary nucleosynthesis, should be different in the original astronomical objects of the Universe. Yes, and experimentally did not reveal the presence in our galaxy of an equilibrium sufficient number of large objects of gravity, such as black holes or neutron stars, to balance the mass of the halo of our Milky Way. However, the same neutron stars, dark galactic halos, black holes, white, black and brown dwarfs (stars at different stages of their life cycle), most likely, are part of the dark matter that makes up dark matter. Black energy can also complement their fillings, including in predicted hypothetical objects, such as preonic, quark, and Q-stars.
Non-barium candidates
The second scenario implies a non-barionStart. Here, several kinds of particles can be candidates. For example, light neutrinos, the existence of which has already been proven by scientists. However, their mass, on the order of one hundredth to one ten thousandth eV (electron-volt), practically excludes them from possible particles due to the unattainability of the required critical density. But heavy neutrinos, paired with heavy leptons, practically do not manifest themselves in weak interactions under normal conditions. Such neutrinos are called sterile, with their maximum mass up to one-tenth of an eV are more likely to be suitable candidates for dark matter particles. Axions and cosmons were artificially introduced into physical equations to solve problems in quantum chromodynamics and in the standard model. Together with another stable supersymmetric particle (SUSY-LSP), they may well qualify as candidates, since they do not take part in electromagnetic and strong interactions. However, unlike neutrinos, they are still hypothetical, their existence still needs to be proved.
Black matter theory
The lack of mass in the universe gives rise to thisaccount different theories, some of which are quite consistent. For example, the theory that ordinary gravity cannot explain the strange and excessively fast rotation of stars in spiral galaxies. At such speeds, they would simply fly out of its limits, if it were not for some holding force, which is not yet possible to register. Other theories of theories explain the impossibility of obtaining WIMPs (massive electroweakly interacting particles-partners of elementary subparticles, supersymmetric and extra heavy - that is, ideal candidates) under terrestrial conditions, as they live in n-dimension, different in a big way from our, three-dimensional. According to the Kaluza-Klein theory, such measurements are not available to us.
Mutable stars
Another theory describes how variable stars andblack matter interact. The brilliance of such a star can change not only due to metaphysical processes occurring inside (pulsation, chromospheric activity, emission of prominences, overflow and eclipses in binary stellar systems, supernova explosion), but also due to the anomalous properties of dark matter.
WARP engine
According to one theory, dark matter canbe used as fuel for subspace engines of spacecraft operating on the hypothetical WARP technology. Potentially, these engines allow the ship to move at speeds exceeding the speed of light. Theoretically, they are able to bend space before and behind the ship and move it in it even faster than the electromagnetic wave accelerates in a vacuum. The ship itself is not locally accelerated - only the spatial field in front of it is bent. Many fantastic stories use this technology, for example in the Star Trek saga.
Development in terrestrial conditions
Attempts to generate and get black matteron earth still have not led to success. Experiments are currently being conducted at the LHC (Large Andron Collider), exactly where the Higgs boson was first recorded, as well as at other, less powerful, including linear colliders, in search of stable, but electromagnetically weakly interacting elementary particle partners. However, neither Fotino, nor gravitino, nor Higsino, nor Neytrino (neutralino), as well as other WIMPs, have yet been received. According to preliminary careful assessment of scientists, to obtain one milligram of dark matter under terrestrial conditions, an equivalent of the energy consumed in the United States during the year is necessary.
