France's transport is based on one of the densest networks in the world with 146 km of road and 6.2 km of railway lines per 100 km2. It is built as a cobweb with Paris at its center.
History
Первыми важными вкладами в развитие транспорта France became the Roman roads connecting large settlements and providing a quick passage of marching armies. In the Middle Ages there was little improvement. Transport has become slow and inconvenient to use. In the early modern period there have been significant improvements.
There was a very fast production of channels,connecting the river. There have been major changes in ocean shipping. Expensive galleys, wind energy ships, which were much faster and had more room for cargo, became popular for coastal trade.
Transatlantic transportation from New World turned cities such as Nantes, Bordeaux, Cherbourg-Octeville and Le Havre into major ports.
The development of various types of transport in France
Rail Freight in Franceimplemented mainly by the French national railway company SNCF. France has the second largest railway network in Europe with a total length of 29,901 kilometers.
Однако железная дорога - это малая часть всего travel, which is less than 10% of passengers. Since 1981, the SNCF has operated a high-speed TGV rail network, which has steadily expanded over the following years.
France is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC).
Railway transport
Characteristic leap in railway developmentThe transport of France dates back to 1832, when the first French railway was launched. Since 1842, the French railway has been strongly polarized by Paris. Traffic is concentrated on the main lines: 78% of the activity is carried out on 30% of the network (8900 km), then when 46% of smaller lines (13600 km) drive 6% of the traffic.
At 366 the largest stations (12%) account for 85% of passenger activity, and the smallest 56% of stations account for only 1.7% of traffic.
Freight transportation
Грузовые перевозки сократились с начала 1980-х yo Today, the network is mainly focused on passengers. From January 1, 2007, the freight traffic market is open to compliance with European Union agreements (EU Directive 91/440).
Net
The French railway network is a network of commercial use of lines 29,213 km, of which 9408 km are electrified.
Trains go to the left, with the exception of Alsace and Moselle, where the first tracks were built at a time when these regions were part of Germany.
Current state
French high-speed trains "Intercity service"(TET) are in decline, with old infrastructure and cars. Travel to the UK through the Channel Tunnel has improved in recent years, now passengers have the opportunity to travel directly to Marseille, Avignon and Lyon.
Eurostar also introduces a new class of 374 trains and overhauls the existing 373 class.
The International Transport Forum described the current status of the French railways in its document titled “French Railways Performance Indicators” as follows:
- The success of the TGV is undeniable (Crozet, 2013).Work began in September 1975 on the first high-speed railway (HSR) between Paris and Lyon, and it was opened in September 1981. New high-speed lines were opened in 1989 (south-west), in 1993 (north), and others. The high-speed network now occupies 2,000 km, and will reach more than 2,600 km in 2017 with the opening of four lines currently under construction.
- Rail transportation was much lesssuccessful. In 2001, the French network transported 55 billion ton-kilometers, but in 2013 this figure barely reached 32 billion ton-kilometers. This poor performance contrasts sharply with the ambitious government policies of the past fifteen years. The Grenelle Environmental Forum (2007–2010) guided the deployment of a costly freight plan that was no more efficient than its predecessors.
Trams
Несмотря на закрытие большинства трамвайных The systems of the first generation of France in previous years, the rapidly growing number of large cities in the country have modern tram or light rail networks, including Paris, Lyon (has the largest), Toulouse, Montpellier, Saint-Etienne and Nantes.
Recently, there has been a very large renaissance of trams with a large number of experiments, such as the terrestrial level of food in Bordeaux, or trolley buses, similar to trams, in Nancy.
This method of travel began to disappear in France in the late 1930s. Only Lille, Marseille and Saint-Étienne have never refused tram systems.
Tram systems are planned or built inDijon, Le Havre, Tours and Fort de France. The revival of tram networks in France has led to a number of technical developments in both traction systems and car styling.
Each tram has two skates for collecting electricity, next to which are antennas that send radio signals to power the power segments as the tram passes through them.
Alstom developed such a system primarily to avoid intrusive power cables in the sensitive area of the old city of Bordeaux.
The newest style used in Strasbourg embodies modern design, which makes it look almost the same as a train, and have large windows along its entire length.
River transport in France
French natural and technological networkThe waterway is the largest in Europe with a French shipping authority that manages shipping sections. What surprises France? The possibility of using sea and river transport.
Objects managed by French shippingbody include waterways, canals and navigable rivers, 494 dams, 1595 castles, 74 navigable aqueducts, 65 reservoirs, 35 tunnels and a land area of 800 square meters. m
Maritime Transport of France
France has a large merchant fleet, including 55 ships. Local companies operate more than 1,400 vessels, 700 of which are registered in the country.
110 shipping companies transport France, 12500frames on the sea and 15,500 on the shore. Every year, sea transport transports 305 million tons of cargo and 15 million passengers. Sea transport is responsible for 72% of the import and export of France.
France also boasts a number of seaports and harbors, including Bayonne, Bordeaux, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Brest, Calais, Cherbourg-Octeville, Dunkirk, Fos-sur-Mer, La Pallis, etc.
Airports
Франция уже давно является излюбленным местом для travelers from all over the world. The reasons still exist - romantic cities, rugged by the north-western shores, the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, many wine-growing regions, excellent food and, of course, winter sports in the Alps and Pyrenees.
Major French cities have internationalairports that connect France with almost all countries of the world. The busiest airport is Charles de Gaulle International Airport in Paris, which operates most international flights.
But many other cities, such as Bordeaux, Lyon,Marseille, Nice, Strasbourg and Toulouse, have important international airports, which allows you to plan your vacation depending on which region you are going to:
- Charles de Gaulle Airport is located approximately 25kilometers from paris. It is named after the former president of France, General Charles de Gaulle. Every year more than eight million people fly to this large international city.
Departure Hall Galerie Parisienne - the largest hall in the country with more than 20 exits.
- Paris Orly (ORY) is the center for sixvarious airlines, including Transavia France. This is a popular airport with people who want to get to Paris without having to go through the extensive Charles de Gaulle.
It is one of the largest airports, as 26 million passengers pass through its doors every year.
- Nice Airport is the busiest international airport in France, which serves the coastal city of Nice.
Conveniently located in the seaside Alps areaFrance, this airport is ideal for driving to the national state of Monaco. Since this airport welcomes so many celebrities, it has easy access to the helipad located nearby.
- Lyon Airport (LYS) is also known as AirportLyon-Saint-Exupery, and it serves the Rhone-Alpes region. It is the fourth busiest airport in France, with more than 7.5 million passengers. It is well connected with public transport, including trains.
- Bordeaux Airport (airport code BOD) located inDepartment of the Gironde. It has a long history, since wartime. Previously, it was used by the Americans as a major airbase during the Cold War, and today the French Air Force is still using the airport for these purposes.
Metro
Для людей, живущих, работающих и отдыхающих в Paris, the metro is an indispensable source of affordable and efficient transport. It consists of more than 300 stations throughout the city and is open from Thursday to Sunday from 5:30 am to 12:40 am, and on Fridays and Saturdays from 5:30 am to 1:40 am. The metro also runs until late on public holidays. At rush hour you will not have to wait long for the next train, since the waiting time is up to 2 minutes.
This subway ranks second in terms of congestion.in Europe, as more than a billion people use it every year. Metro was opened in 1900 during the World Fair with the launch of the first line. The main parts of the system were completed about 20 years later, until it was expanded further into the suburbs.
After World War II the development of Paristhe metro reached its peak as new trains were added. However, networking and other additional changes were difficult. This was aggravated by the proximity of metro stations to each other. Travel to Paris was also facilitated by the introduction of the Regional Express Network, which connects several metro stations to integrate both systems. In the first half of the 80s of the last century, the Leger car was designed, which is the first of its kind to be used as public transport for the city.
Taxi in France
Такси во Франции трудно отличить от обыкновенных machines. Cars do not have a special shade: yellow or black, but at the top they have a white plastic box attached. If the inside of the box glows brilliant, it is likely that this taxi is free and ready for new passengers.
Как и всюду, во Франции такси можно плпросить stop throwing up your hands. It will only slow down if there is a parking place within a radius of 50 meters. Almost all cars are equipped with special phones, on which the operator can always find a free car and send it to a given point.
Without interrupting the conversation with the client, the taxi operator will quickly find a free car, show you the taxi number and brand of the car that will come to you.
To travel to France by car you must have:
a) a national driver's license (if you are not an EU citizen, you must have an international driver's license);
b) certificate of registration, which is called "la carte Grise" in France;
c) certificate of insurance.
If your stay in France is less than6 months, you can freely travel by car around the country. You can also rent a car. You can find rental companies at every airport and at most stations in the country. If your stay in France exceeds 6 months, then you must renew your license and send your car for inspection.
Ferries
There are several ways to get to France, andsteam is one of them. From England, several operators regularly provide services from Dover, ferries arrive in the north-east of France. In addition, for those who want to explore the Mediterranean, there are also regular ferries to Corsica from the ports of Nice, Toulon and Marseille.
