The building is hundreds of stories high - it's alwaysImpressive designs that look prestigious and respectable. How to build skyscrapers and why do it? The expediency of such decisions comes from the rapid growth of the population of the largest megacities of the planet. At the same time, it is extremely difficult to develop a project of a building that is more than a hundred meters high. Such a structure should not only be functional, but also safe. That is why today, to implement such projects, resort to the use of the most innovative technologies.
What is the technology of constructionskyscrapers? Which buildings are the highest to date? What innovations in the construction of skyscrapers are used recently? We will try to answer these and other questions in our material.
Selection of a place for construction
How to build skyscrapers?The most important role in the project implementation is the choice of a site for the placement of structures. Vysotki much more strongly press on the ground than standard residential buildings. It is for this reason that skyscrapers are only on dense soil, which does not contain cavities, heterogeneous masses and water pools. Buildings of impressive height contain a massive, invisible underground underground. Obviously, the laying of complex foundation constructions requires a careful analysis of the nature of the soil.
Walls and supporting structures
Современные небоскребы невозможно построить из brick or concrete slabs. Such a construction would inevitably expect rapid destruction in view of instability under the influence of natural factors.
As a rule, in the construction of skyscrapers resorted toto the use of load-bearing, composite steel structures. As a material for all kinds of floors, monolithic reinforced concrete of the highest level of strength is used.
Layout
Internally, the construction of skyscrapers is cardinaldiffers from urban housing. The main emphasis here is on compliance with fire safety. After all, evacuating people from a building with a height of dozens of floors in the event of an emergency is extremely problematic. Therefore, the internal space of skyscrapers is divided into special fire barriers. In this case, one backup elevator in the building always remains connected to an uninterrupted supply of power.
The newest skyscrapers are planned in such a way,so that in emergencies people can hide on the technical floors, which are usually idle empty. At the same time, all entrances to the premises are most often equipped with double doors. Implement this in order to prevent drafts that supply the flame with oxygen in fires.
Life support
Skyscrapers, as a rule, are equipped with systems,that ensure economical energy consumption. Many modern buildings have solar panels. For the supply of water are responsible for productive pumps, which are installed every 10-15 floors. Another way to pump water hundreds of meters up is simply impossible. Well, you can not fail to note the system of autonomous air conditioning.
Cost of projects
How much does a skyscraper cost?Not so long ago, Japanese engineers said they were planning to build a structure called "Fuji", the height of which would reach unthinkable 4 kilometers. The building project assumes the presence of as many as 800 floors. The finished structure should contain about one million people. To provide the building with electricity, solar panels will be used. What is the cost of the project? According to experts, the construction of "Fuji" will cost Japan in the amount of 300 to 900 billion dollars.
As for the highest house from nowadaysexisting, such is the tower "Burj Khalifa" in the United Arab Emirates. Its height reaches 828 meters. The cost of such a skyscraper reaches about 20 billion dollars.
The next tallest skyscraper - the Shanghai Tower, whose construction was completed in 2015, cost its creators only 1.7 billion. The height of this building is 632 meters.
The tallest skyscraper in the world
In 2010 in the city of Dubai (UAE) solemnlydiscovered one of the most impressive buildings in history. The highest skyscraper in the world (828 meters) was named Burj Khalifa. The presentation of the tower was a pompous event. Thousands of onlookers gathered around the huge building. The broadcast of the solemn ceremony spread to the whole world. Behind the action simultaneously watched on TV a record 2 billion viewers.
The project took 5 years to complete.In the course of the work, the plans of the Arab sheikhs, who were responsible for financing, changed several times. Architects regularly had to make adjustments to the construction plan in order to maximize its height.
Despite all the efforts of the sheikhs, the Burj Khalifa,presumably, promises not for long to remain the most impressive structure in the world. Indeed, not so long ago the government of Saudi Arabia announced its own project, which should eclipse its greatness the famous tower. According to some reports, the height of the new giant called Kingdom Tower will be 1.1 kilometers.
Skyscrapers in New York City
One of the world leaders in terms of quantityskyscrapers per square meter to this day remains the city of New York. A real tourist Mecca is the famous "Empire State Building". A skyscraper is located in the financial center of the city at the intersection of the Fifth and Thirty-fourth Avenue. The structure occupies a whole block and rises to the sky at 448 meters.
Not so long ago the tallest skyscraperNew York was the "World Trade Center." The monumental structure consisted of two twin towers, each with a height of 541 meters and 110 floors. However, in 2011 there was a terrible tragedy. It's no secret that the famous skyscraper was destroyed by the attack of terrorists and forever gone down in history.
In 2005, a map of the metropolisthe famous Rockefeller Center. Funds for the construction of the skyscraper were highlighted by a successful businessman John Rockefeller, in honor of which they actually called the structure. The building towers over New York at 259 meters. At the top of the structure is equipped with an observation deck, from which one of the best panoramas to the city opens. It is noteworthy that the observation tower on the roof of the building, realized for tourists, does not have protective grids and grids. This allows the visitors of the object to enjoy simply fantastic views.
Innovative technologies
At present, when building skyscrapersall over the world are guided by the implementation of renewable energy sources in the project, the use of environmentally friendly, safe materials, reducing the impact of huge masses on the ground. Experts are guided by possible variations in design, the impact of seismic phenomena on it.
How to build skyscrapers?First of all, designers resort to the use of composite materials. As a rule, the same schemes are repeated at all levels of the building. Using composites reduces the total weight of buildings, on average, by 10%. Technology also makes it possible to significantly accelerate the implementation of projects.
Самые передовые технологии сегодня применяются в countries of Asia. It is especially concerned with the increased stability of high-rise structures, which is due to the high probability of the entry into action of natural cataclysms. Thus, the skyscraper Jin Mao, which is located in Shanghai, according to experts, can maintain the integrity of its structures at a wind speed of more than 200 km / h, as well as withstand tremors of up to 7 points. This is due to the implementation of mobile connections inside the supporting columns of steel. A huge influence on maintaining the stability of the structure is provided by the presence of a swimming pool located on the 57th floor of a skyscraper. The latter allows the building to balance in space.
Not at the last place in the constructionHigh-rise buildings remain an increased concern for the environment. Modern skyscrapers increasingly play the role of air filters, which remove air from the air greenhouse gases, other harmful substances. A striking example is the building of Bank of America, located on the island of Manhattan. The systems placed in the walls of the structure construction are capable of filtering the polluted air and giving it back to the space already in a cleaned state.
The tallest building in the world is the Burj Khalifaconcentrates the condensate, which then leaves in the form of a liquid for irrigation of adjoining green plantations. Among other things, when constructing a skyscraper, special concrete grades were used, which can withstand high temperatures, exceeding 50aboutFROM.
Finally
So we found out how skyscrapers are built.Not so long ago, some of the above projects seemed something futuristic and unattainable in the short term. Apparently, the development of technology does not stand still. Innovative solutions imperceptibly become a part of our daily life and are increasingly taken for granted.
