Those people who flew on airplanes and convertedattention to the wing of an iron bird, while it sits or takes off, probably noticed that this part begins to change, new elements appear, and the wing itself becomes wider. This process is called the mechanization of the wing.
general information
People always wanted to travel faster, fly fasteretc. And, in general, with the plane it turned out quite well. In the air, when the apparatus is already flying, it develops a huge speed. However, here it should be clarified that a high rate is acceptable only during a direct flight. During takeoff or landing, it's quite the opposite. In order to successfully lift the design into the sky or, conversely, to plant it, a high speed is not needed. There are several reasons for this, but the main thing is that you need a huge runway to disperse.
The second main reason is the ultimate strengthThe chassis of the aircraft, which will be passed, if so taken off. That is, in the end it turns out that for high-speed flights you need one type of wing, and for landing and take-off - quite another. What to do in this situation? How to create two pairs of wings, fundamentally different in design, from the same aircraft? The answer is no. It was this contradiction that prompted people to a new invention, which was called the mechanization of the wing.
Attack angle
In order to explain what mechanization is,It is necessary to study one more small aspect, which is called the angle of attack. This characteristic has the most direct connection with the speed that an airplane can develop. Here it is important to understand that in flight almost any wing is at an angle to the incoming stream. Here is the indicator and is called the angle of attack.
Let us assume that to fly at a low speed and withthis to keep the lift, so as not to fall, it is necessary to increase this angle, that is, to lift the nose of the aircraft upwards, as it is done on take-off. However, it is important to clarify that there is a critical mark, after crossing which the flow can not be held on the surface of the structure and breaks from it. Such in piloting is called separation of the boundary layer.
This layer is called the air flow, whichdirectly comes into contact with the wing of the aircraft and creates at the same time aerodynamic forces. In view of all this, a demand is formed - the presence of a large lifting power at low speed and maintaining the required angle of attack in order to fly at high speed. It is these two qualities that combine the mechanization of the aircraft wing.
Improve performance
In order to improve the airstripcharacteristics, as well as to ensure the safety of the crew and passengers, it is necessary to reduce the take-off and landing speed as much as possible. The presence of these two factors led to the fact that the designers of the wing profile began to resort to the creation of a large number of different devices that are located directly on the wing of the aircraft. A set of these special controlled devices and began to call mechanization of the wing in the aircraft industry.
The Purpose of Mechanization
Applying such wings, it was possible to achieve a strongincrease the value of the lifting force of the apparatus. A significant increase in this indicator has led to the fact that the airplane's mileage during landing along the lane has significantly decreased, and the speed with which it lands or flies has decreased. The purpose of mechanization of the wing is also that it improved stability and increased the handling of such a large aircraft engine as an airplane. This is especially noticeable when the aircraft is gaining a high angle of attack. In addition, it should be noted that a significant reduction in the speed of landing and take-off not only increased the safety of these operations, but also made it possible to reduce the costs for the construction of runways, since it became possible to reduce them by length.
The essence of mechanization
So, speaking in general, the mechanization of the wingled to the fact that the aircraft's take-off and landing parameters were significantly improved. This result was achieved due to a strong increase in the maximum lift factor.
The essence of this process lies in the fact thatSpecial devices are added, which increase the curvature of the wing profile of the apparatus. In some cases, it turns out that not only the curvature increases, but also the immediate area of this element of the aircraft. Because of the change in these indicators, the flow pattern also completely changes. These factors are also determining in increasing the lift factor.
It is important to note that the design of the mechanization of the wingIt is performed in such a way that in flight all these details are manageable. Nuance lies in the fact that at a small angle of attack, that is, when flying already in the air at high speed, they are not actually used. All their potential is revealed precisely when landing or taking off. Currently, there are several types of mechanization.
Shield
The shield is one of the most common andthe simplest parts of a mechanized wing, which quite effectively cope with the task of increasing the lift coefficient. In the scheme of wing mechanization, this element is a deviating surface. In the retracted position, this element is almost closely adjacent to the lower and rear of the wing of the aircraft. When this part deviates, the maximum lifting force of the apparatus increases, because the effective angle of attack changes, as well as the concavity or curvature of the profile.
In order to increase the effectiveness of thiselement, it is constructively executed so that when it deviates, it shifts back and at the same time towards the rear edge. It is this method that will provide the greatest efficiency of the boundary layer suction from the upper surface of the wing. In addition, the effective length of the zone of increased pressure under the wing of the aircraft increases.
Design and purpose of wing wing mechanization with slats
It is important to note here that the fixedthe slat is mounted only on those aircraft models that are not high-speed. This is due to the fact that this type of design significantly increases drag, and this dramatically reduces the ability of the aircraft to develop high speed.
Однако суть данного элемента в том, что он possesses such a part as a deflectable sock. It is used on those types of wings that are characterized by a thin profile, as well as a sharp leading edge. The main purpose of this sock is to prevent the flow from breaking at a high angle of attack. Since the angle can constantly change during the flight, the sock is created fully controlled and adjustable, so that in any situation it is possible to choose a position that will keep the flow on the surface of the wing. It can also increase the aerodynamic quality.
Flaps
The wing flap mechanization scheme is one ofthe oldest, as these elements were among the first to be used. The location of this element is always the same, they are on the back of the wing. The movement they perform is also always the same, they always go down strictly. They can also move back a little. The presence of this simple element in practice has proven very effective. He helps the plane not only during takeoff or landing, but also when performing any other maneuvers while piloting.
Тип этого элемента может несколько изменяться в depending on the type of aircraft on which it is used. The mechanization of the wing of the TU-154, which is considered one of the most common types of aircraft, also has this simple device. Some aircraft are characterized by the fact that their flaps are divided into several independent parts, and for some it is one continuous flap.
Ailerons and Interceptors
In addition to those elements that have already been described, there areeven those that can be attributed to the minor. The wing mechanization system includes such minor details as ailerons. The work of these parts is carried out differentially. The most commonly used design is that on one wing the ailerons are directed upwards, and on the second they are directed downwards. In addition to them, there are also elements such as flaperons. According to their characteristics, they are similar to flaps, these parts can deviate not only in different directions, but also in the same.
Additional elements are alsospoilers This part is flat and located on the surface of the wing. Deviation, or rather lifting, of the interceptor is carried out directly into the stream. Because of this, there is an increase in the flow deceleration, due to which the pressure on the upper surface increases. This leads to the fact that the lifting force of this particular wing decreases. These elements of the wing are sometimes also called organs for controlling the lift of an aircraft.
It is worth saying that it is rather briefthe characteristic of all structural elements of aircraft wing mechanization. In fact, it uses much more diverse small parts, elements that allow pilots to fully control the process of landing, taking off, the flight itself, etc.
