Planning is the process of developing andEstablishment by the management of the organization of a set of qualitative and quantitative characteristics that determine the pace and trends of its development not only at the present moment, but also in the long term.
Definition of the term, the conditions of the greatest impact
Planning is central to the whole chain.management and regulation of the organization. That is why each structural unit (workshop, laboratory, etc.) develops its own, which are then combined into a general plan of the enterprise.
The planning performs its functions most clearly and efficiently if the following rules are observed:
- each component of all elements is punctually justified;
- planning tasks are accurately and timely performed by all their participants;
- control over the execution of the plan is carried out continuously in conjunction with its current adjustment.
Planning principles
To date, six general principles have been singled out, by which are understood certain rules that contribute to the development of a competent program of action.
- The principle of necessity, i.e.mandatory use of the planning system, regardless of the type of financial and economic activity of the enterprise. The need for planning in the conditions of a modern developing market economy is conditioned by the ability to minimize the negative impact of external factors and, conversely, make the most of their positive impact.
- Принцип единства, т.е.the compliance of the unified consolidated plan of the organization with the development of its structural units (for example, thematic planning). The principle of unity is the commonality of the main goals and plans of the enterprise, as well as the interaction of all its components. It is based on the concept of "coordination". Those. changes made to the plans of any unit should be reflected in the plans of the entire organization in a timely manner.
- The principle of continuity, i.e. the inextricable link between planning and management processes and organization of the enterprise.
- The principle of flexibility, i.e.the ability of all components of the plan to change their focus as needed due to unforeseen circumstances. In order to ensure compliance with this principle, a certain reserve is made in the plans of the organization the possibility of making the necessary changes in them.
- The principle of accuracy, i.e. ensuring the compliance of plans with the overall goals and capabilities of the enterprise, as well as the time frame.
- The principle of participation, i.e.involvement in the development of all employees of the enterprise. For example, it is reasonable to entrust thematic planning to the heads of the relevant departments for its further inclusion in the general plan.
Types of enterprise planning
По характеру детализации планы подразделяются на feasibility and operational production. In the first case, the planning of the main indicators of the organization’s development takes place, and in the second, the current tasks for its structural divisions are drawn up.
По степени неопределенности планы подразделяются on deterministic and probabilistic. In the first case, we are talking about planning an event, the probability of occurrence of which is close to one and is confirmed by reliable information. In the second case, it is based on current information, which can be used to conclude about the further development of certain indicators (for example, the coefficient of variation).
Content plans of the company are divided into:
- business planning
- social and labor
- organizational and technological, etc.
According to the degree of accuracy are divided into refined and integrated.
Each company, realizing this need,regularly conducts ongoing planning. What is an enterprise planning process and how is it going? It begins directly with the preparation of plans (planning system) and the definition of ways to achieve them. The next stage is implementation, after which the monitoring and analysis phase of planning begins, i.e. comparison of the achieved results with the tasks.
Planning. What are enterprise planning methods, their classification
Balance method implies a ratiothe needs of the company's resources and the sources of their provision, as well as the correspondence between the structural sections of the plan. For example, the compliance of the actual capacity of the enterprise with its current production objectives.
Calculation-analytical method involves the calculation of certain indicators of the plan, analysis of their growth or decline under the influence of external factors.
Economic and mathematical methods involve the study of indicators of the enterprise, the development of various versions of the plan and the choice of the best.
Graphoanalytical method is used to visualize the results of economic analysis by means of graphic tools.
Target-oriented methods - compilationcertain development programs, i.e. a set of tasks and ways to achieve them, united by common goals and deadlines (for example, planning for each month).
Planning ahead
The process of making plans for a long periodtime is planning ahead. What is perspective? This is what management believes that the organization expects in the future. Forward planning as a centralized management tool has been used recently. Such plans are drawn up for a period from 5 to 20 years and determine the general concept of the development of the enterprise and the structure of the most important measures to achieve the goals set.
Planning ahead is divided intomedium term (5 years) and long term (for a period of up to 15 years). In the latter case, the extrapolation method is widely used, which is understood as planning based on indicators of past years.
Current planning. What is a calendar plan?
It is carried out by detailed disassembly.operational five-year plan of the enterprise as a whole, as well as its separate structural divisions. The main components of the current production plan are scheduling (for each day, week, etc.). When compiling them, information on the availability of orders, the provision of an enterprise with material resources, the load factor and capacity utilization, etc. are taken into account.
Supervisor participation
Moving from long-term planning to schedules of internal divisions of the enterprise, it is necessary:
- define tasks and indicators for a certain period for each unit;
- to find and eliminate possible discrepancies between the internal plans of the workshops;
- to distribute all the resources of the enterprise in accordance with its production program.
Главная задача опытного руководителя - правильно combine the requirements necessary for the implementation of long-term development, with the current objectives and needs of the organization. As a rule, this is a special planning center.
