Diseases caused by bacteria. Types of bacteria

Diseases caused by bacteria are considered inCurrently, the most common of all that can appear in humans. Today, there are many pathologies and microorganisms that provoke them. Next, we will examine in detail the diseases caused by bacteria. The table, which will be included in the conclusion of the article, will contain basic information about pathologies and pathogens.

General information

Disease-causing (disease causing)microorganisms possess a cell wall and a unique set of defense and aggression factors. Many are known pathologies such as scarlet fever, acute respiratory disease, pyelonephritis, plague, salmonellosis, syphilis, gonorrhea, tetanus, tuberculosis. The cause of their development are pathogenic bacteria. Diseases can occur in different ways, have several stages, degrees of severity. Treatment of this or that pathology is carried out on the basis of the results of the analyzes.

Characteristics of bacteria

What is the agent? It is a microscopic organism, which, unlike prions and viruses, has a cell wall. There are the following types of bacteria:

• Non-pathogenic.
• Conditionally pathogenic.
• Pathogenic.

Let us consider the characteristics of bacteria that provokepathology. The negative effect of microorganisms is due to the presence of special devices of aggressive orientation. Among them, the following factors should be highlighted:

• Adhesion. With the help of it, the microorganism has the ability to attach to various tissues of a person.
• Exotoxin. This factor has a specific effect, causing a particular symptom. For example, the defeat of the nervous system provokes butylotoxin, GIT systems - enterotoxin and so on.
• Endotoxin. This liposaccharide provokes fever and intoxication syndrome.

These "devices" are fully equippedpathogenic bacteria. Examples of such microorganisms: salmonella, pale treponema, gonococcus, Luffner's bacillus. Conditionally pathogenic bacteria can be found in a person without provoking pathologies in the norm. However, under certain conditions they turn into harmful bacteria. Examples of such microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Proteus and some others. Conditionally pathogenic elements are necessary for the body. Thanks to their presence, the balance remains. Some intestinal bacteria are considered opportunistic. The last category of microorganisms does not cause any negative conditions under any conditions. In conclusion of the article there is a table "Human diseases caused by bacteria". It shows pathogenic microorganisms that provoke different infectious pathologies.

In what cases is the development of pathology?

To cause a pathogenic bacterium in humanspathology, it is necessary that several conditions are met. First of all, the number of microorganisms should be quite large. 1-2 bacteria in fact are not able to seriously infect a person, because specific and nonspecific defense systems can cope with such minor threats. Microorganisms should also be full. This means that they must have all the necessary pathogenic properties. Weak strains do not pose a particular danger to humans. They can only transfer their properties to the immunity, so that the protective system can subsequently adequately respond to the enemy. It is on this principle that the action of various vaccines is based. To penetrate bacterium-parasites should to that site of an organism where they could fast and reliably be attached for the further growth, reproduction and introduction. For example, if Salmonella is not in the digestive tract, but on the skin, then the person will not develop salmonellosis. Therefore, for prevention before eating, you should wash your hands. The human immunity must be prepared to repel any attack. If the protective system is vaccinated artificially or naturally, then in almost all cases, parasitic bacteria can not penetrate this barrier. If immunity has never met with microorganisms or is weakened (in case of AIDS for example), then it will not be so difficult for the pathogen to invade the organism and multiply there. When these conditions are met, infectious diseases occur. The pathologies caused by bacteria do not immediately begin to be accompanied by certain symptoms.

The incubation period

It exists in every infection.In the course of it, bacteria get used to a new place, multiply, develop. The incubation period can last from several hours (for example, with food poisoning) to several years (for tick-borne borreliosis, leprosy). Since the first symptoms began to appear, we can say that the pathology is fully developed. The incubation period is complete, groups of bacteria are spread throughout the body. With some pathologies, immunity is able to cope on its own. But in some cases, he needs help from outside.

How are diseases caused by bacteria diagnosed?

Identification of pathologies is carried out in several ways:

• Using a microscope (microscopy with staining).
• Definition of antigens and antibodies. This category of research includes laboratory tests of ELISA, PCR, RIF and others.
• With the help of sowing. Material with harmful bacteria is placed in a special nutrient medium and left in it for a week. After this period, they see what has been formed, and make a conclusion.
• Infection of animals.This biological method involves the introduction of material into the body of mice, rats and other experimental subjects. After the animals are opened and the internals examined under a microscope.

Therapeutic events

Diseases caused by bacteria are treated withusing various antibiotics. The use of drugs is the main therapeutic method for infectious pathologies. Today, a lot of antibiotic drugs are produced. The action of some can be directed against a particular group of bacteria. Other drugs have a wide range of activities. The use of antibiotics must be treated very carefully. It should be remembered that illiterate treatment (usually alone, without consulting a doctor) can lead to serious consequences.

Antibiotic resistance

It occurs in microorganisms due to theirthe ability to mutate. Sooner or later, the bacteria develop resistance to one or another drug. Medications cease to function - to neutralize harmful microorganisms. In such cases, specialists prescribe stronger drugs - the means of the next, new generation. Medicine is considered indirectly guilty of the occurrence of infections that have arisen as a result of therapeutic assistance. Previously, such pathologies were called hospital (hospital). From ordinary diseases, they differ in that simple (traditional) medicines do not have the necessary effect, and one has to resort to stronger drugs. More recently, began to appear, for example, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains. Today there are not so many medicines against this disease. It is mainly used in what was developed in the USSR. These medicines do not work for a new type of infection. Such patients become not only incurable, but also extremely dangerous to others, as they are carriers of pathogenic bacteria.

The reasons for the development of resistance to medicines

Antibiotic resistance is considered a processis quite natural. This is due to the ability of the microorganism, as well as all living things, to adapt to the constantly changing environmental conditions. However, the speed of development of antibiotic resistance was significantly affected by inept use of medications. Relatively recently antibiotics were sold in pharmacies without a prescription. In this regard, many people went and bought medicines without consulting a doctor. As a rule, self-treatment ends after 1-3 days, when symptoms disappear. This leads to incomplete destruction of pathogenic bacteria. Some of them are eliminated, and the remaining - mutates, passing into another L-form. They are distributed throughout the body and occupy a wait-and-see attitude. If conditions are favorable for them, they become more active. To prevent such consequences, antibiotics are prescribed by courses from 5 to 14 days. Microorganisms should be completely destroyed, and not adapted to medicines.

The main problem of antibiotic therapy

Along with pathogens, withThe use of medicines also destroys useful microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, for example. Violation of balance can lead to the fact that opportunistic elements can turn into malicious. As one of the most common complications of antibiotic therapy is a disease such as dysbiosis. Elimination of pathology is carried out by stimulating the growth of useful microflora.

Clinical picture of infection

The first symptom of bacterial diseaseis considered a fever. It is caused by the fact that when the cell wall of a microorganism is destroyed, the LPS complex penetrates into the bloodstream and reaches the hypothalamus, and then the thermoregulatory center in it. As a result, the adjustment point shifts, and the body begins to "think" that it is cold. Therefore, heat production increases and heat transfer decreases. Fever acts as a protective reaction. Temperature up to 39 deg. stimulates the activity of immunity. If this value is exceeded, antipyretic agents should be taken. As such a drug can act as a drug "Paracetamol." The temperature can be indirectly reduced and antibiotics. If it is decreased within the first 24-28 hours from the beginning of admission, it can be concluded that the product is properly selected. Another manifestation of the infectious process is an intoxication syndrome. It is manifested by a significant deterioration in the state, a decrease in mood, apathy, muscle and joint pain. Probability is nausea, vomiting. Relieving the condition will help to take a large volume of fluid (at least two liters). Excess water will dilute toxins, reduce their concentration and remove some of them in the urine. These two symptoms described above are considered universal and manifest in almost all infections. All other signs are determined by the characteristics of a particular pathogen, exotoxins and other aggressive factors.

Specific infections

For example, they should include tuberculosis,syphilis. These pathologies are somewhat different from the others. It should be said that these infections have existed for a long time in humans and the body is somewhat "used" to them. As a rule, these pathologies are not accompanied by a bright clinical picture. However, against the background of infections, specific inflammations develop that can be seen through a microscope. These pathologies are difficult to treat. In this case, the treatment is aimed only at eliminating the clinical manifestations of infection. Completely rid the body of specific diseases is not possible today.

Activity of immunity

The body's defense system includes twobranches: cellular and humoral. The latter is necessary to create specific antibodies to the antigens of harmful bacteria. When penetrating a pathogenic microorganism, he is met by immune cells - macrophages. They destroy bacteria, studying in the process their structure. They then transfer the received information to the central organs of the defense system. They, in turn, give a signal for the production of proteins (antibodies) that will have the ability to attach to bacteria and destroy them. The created antibodies are released into the bloodstream. Cellular defense of the body is built according to another scheme. Leukocytes attack foreign bacteria using proteolytic enzymes. Outwardly they are pus. Due to the presence of these enzymes, pus has the ability to dissolve surrounding tissues and break out, taking with it foreign compounds.

The state of the body after therapy

Recuperation of the body can be of three types:complete, laboratory or clinical. In the latter case, we are talking about the absence of any symptoms that are related to pathology. Laboratory recovery is established in the case when there are no laboratory signs. A complete cure is considered a condition in which the human body does not detect harmful microbes that provoked pathology. Of course, not all diseases end in recovery. In practice, many cases and deaths are documented. Also, the course of the pathology can move from acute to chronic.

Finally

Above is the table. Human diseases caused by bacteria are briefly summarized in the presented scheme.