Детский организм существенно отличается от adult by its functioning and imperfection. This is what makes it highly vulnerable and susceptible to the influence of various negative factors. Compared with adults, children’s emergencies are much more common. A positive outcome depends entirely on the correctness of first aid. In the article we will get acquainted with the most common emergency conditions and first aid that the victim needs.
The concept of emergency conditions
Emergency conditions in children - is the presence ofsymptoms and signs that threaten the life of a small patient. In such a situation, immediate ambulance is required, the life of the little man will depend on its provision.
The basis of assistance to children laid the mainprinciple: "do no harm." Quite often, parents (and even physicians can do this) make a mistake in choosing the dosage of a drug, incorrectly combine medicines, give medicines that later, in the hospital, make it difficult to make a correct diagnosis.
If there are emergency conditions in children, they need immediate medical assistance, because the delay can be very expensive.
Features of the body, predisposing to the development of emergency conditions
Younger children have some features in the structure and development of organ systems that contribute to the fact that situations requiring urgent medical care occur more often.
- If we consider the cardiovascular system, we can distinguish the following features:
- In the babies of the first two months of life, the right parts of the heart prevail, and the left ones have a small extensibility, which may contribute to the development of left ventricular failure.
- The duration of systole is large, which predisposes to heart failure.
- Uneven maturation of the conducting system and the heart muscle, the imperfection of the reflex regulation of the heart can lead to frequent heart rhythm disturbances.
- The vessels have a well-developed muscular layer in the small circle of blood circulation, which can cause the development of pulmonary hypertension.
- The high permeability of pulmonary capillaries predisposes to pulmonary edema, given that the pressure in the left atrium is 2 times less than in adults.
- Even with minor reductions in circulating blood volume, clinical symptoms of blood loss develop.
- The brain is abundantly supplied with blood,The blood-brain barrier has a high permeability, which contributes to the passage of toxins, poisons and viruses that circulate in the blood. And this can lead to brain damage.
- Obstructed outflow of venous blood creates all the conditions for swelling of the brain and accumulation of fluid that presses on the brain tissue.
2. The respiratory system is also not perfect:
- Narrow larynx, trachea and bronchi, poor development inthese elastic and muscle fibers, soft cartilage tissue, abundant blood supply create the prerequisites for the development of inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract.
- Compensatory possibilities are sharply limited due to an increase in tidal volume and respiration rate due to the particular structure of the chest.
- Barrier functions of the epithelial tissue of the bronchi are poorly developed, the cough reflex is weak, which limits the protective function when the infection gets into the child's body.
3. The nervous system has the following features:
- The cerebral cortex is still a little differentiated,it has little effect on the underlying nervous system, but the ascending reticular formation has a predominant tone that contributes to diffuse cerebral reactions.
- High activity of the hippocampus predisposes to the appearance of seizures.
- The tone of the sympathetic nervous system prevails, so the kids often have impaired peripheral circulation, are prone to hyperthermia, rapid breathing.
All these features contribute to the fact that emergency conditions in children are much more common than in adults, and require serious medical care.
Symptoms requiring immediate medical attention
Most parents are very careful aboutthe health of their little children and with the slightest deviations cut off the phones of pediatricians, but most often the experiences of moms and dads are in vain. Nevertheless, any doctor can name several symptoms that indicate that a child urgently needs medical attention. These include:
- High rates on a thermometer, for example, a temperature of about 39 degrees, especially when, after taking antipyretic drugs, it decreases for a short time and creeps up again.
- Vomiting in any situation requires replenishmentfluid, and if it is almost non-stop, then help is needed urgent. This can result in dehydration, which is dangerous for the child. In addition, vomiting may be a sign of more serious pathologies, for example, appendicitis, infections of the excretory system, and intestinal obstruction.
- Dehydration can also occur as a result of severe diarrhea, which is difficult to stop. In such situations, again, urgent medical assistance will be required.
- Breathing problems. They can appear as a result of a foreign body in the airways or the development of asthma.
- If there are clots or streaks of blood in the baby’s feces, this may indicate that internal bleeding has begun, and in which area only a doctor can determine.
- Convulsions, sudden aggressiveness, or drowsiness may indicate a traumatic brain injury. The provision of emergency assistance in such situations should be carried out immediately.
- The use of pills, various medicalfunds that the child finds in the home first aid kit. An overdose can occur fairly quickly, and it is not known how the baby’s body will react to the remedy, so an urgent need to call a doctor.
Many mummies already on an intuitive level feel when their baby is really in danger, and when you can and do not panic, but take the necessary measures yourself.
First aid for traumatic brain injury
Small children fall often enough, but noteach fall can result in a serious head injury. If a child fell from a small height, for example, from a sofa, then, most likely, it will not come to this, but the fall from the table already has serious consequences.
Often parents themselves underestimate too much.abilities of his offspring and leave the crumbs unattended on the changing table. Sometimes just a few minutes, and the baby is on the floor. If the child has hit his head, it is imperative to show him to the doctor. The main symptoms that indicate a traumatic brain injury are:
- loss of consciousness;
- obvious signs of damage to the head;
- nausea and vomiting.
After a fall, an intracranial hematoma may form, the presence of which is indicated by the following signs:
- smooths nasolabial fold;
- tendon reflexes decrease;
- bradycardia;
- language rejection.
Providing emergency assistance in this case should be carried out urgently, otherwise everything can end in tears. It consists in the following:
- Lay the victim and ensure his peace.
- If breathing is impaired, the duct must be inserted.
- If there is no consciousness, the child must be placed on the right side.
- Suction pear mucus from the mouth.
- If there is a strong overstimulation, you can enter a 0.25% solution of droperidol at the rate of 0.2 ml per kilogram of weight.
After first aid, children must be hospitalized without fail. If the child has fallen, you should not hope that everything will pass by itself, it is better to err once again.
Eye injury
When falling quite often the baby can stumbleon a sharp object and injure the eye. Eye injury can be through, when all layers are damaged, and not through. To clarify the extent of damage and the provision of necessary assistance, the child urgently needs to be sent to a specialized institution.
A minor eye injury may occur after.hits of the foreign objects which removal also the oculist has to be engaged in. A child can get eye burns, which often happens during fires or after careless handling of chemicals. As an emergency, you should rinse your eyes under the tap and pour Albucid, and then show the child to the doctor.
Assistance is necessary, because late treatment or even ignoring the problem can result in blindness.
Help with poisoning
Kids - lovers are constantly something to pull in your mouth, so poisoning happens often. The reason may be:
- Various chemicals that the baby finds carelessly thrown into the kitchen or bathroom.
- Tablets from the home kit.
- Mushrooms and more.
It often happens that parents do not know what their baby has poisoned, and he himself cannot yet say. Assistance in emergency situations of this kind should be reduced to the following:
- If a poisonous substance gets on the skin, rinse it well under running water and smear it with a fat cream or ointment.
- In case of contact with eyes, rinse them, apply a sterile dressing and go to a doctor.
- If carbon monoxide poisoning has occurred, the victim must be taken to fresh air. If you stop breathing, be sure to do artificial respiration before the ambulance arrives.
- If a poisonous substance is ingested, it is first necessary to provoke vomiting and flush the stomach with a solution of potassium permanganate.
This should include first aid for emergency conditions in children, if poisoning has occurred. All other procedures are carried out by a doctor in the hospital, where it is necessary to deliver the baby.
Burns
If you visit burn wards or centers,You can simply be terrified by the number of children who are there. Quite often, the parents themselves are responsible for all this. A casserole of boiling water casually left on the edge of the table, matches in the reach of the child — and now, before the disaster, is just a stone's throw away. A kid needs only to pull the edge of the tank, and hot water pours it from head to toe. A careless mom can only hold her head and rush to the hospital with the baby.
After receiving the burn, you must immediately give the child first aid. PMP for burns is as follows:
- A bandage with furatsilinom or novocaine should be applied to the injured surface.
- Inside you can give an anesthetic drug.
- If there is any anti-burn spray or gel at home, for example, Panthenol, Livian, then the wound should be treated.
If a child has burned a large area of the body, then PIP for burns should be provided only in the hospital.
Injuries in children
Most children because of their age are verythey are curious, they constantly investigate something, practically do not sit in one place. Get a variety of injuries - for them pushover. Among the damages there are those that parents can handle, and sometimes it can’t do without an ambulance:
- Cuts.Children love to tinker with sharp objects, especially boys, so getting this injury is pretty easy. If the child is cut, then first of all it is necessary to wash the wound and treat it with a septic agent, for example, hydrogen peroxide. Then apply a sterile dressing. If the injury is so great that severe bleeding begins, then first aid will depend on which vessel is damaged. Arterial bleeding requires the imposition of a tourniquet, and when the venous is quite strong pressure bandage.
- Sprains and stretching children often get thatnot surprising, given their mobility. It is necessary to attach ice to the injured place, put a bandage and go to the traumatologist to clarify the type of injury. The main thing is to detect a fracture in time to provide effective assistance.
- FractureSuch injuries in children occur less frequently, since the content of organic substances in their bones is greater than that of minerals, so the bones in babies are flexible. But still, such damages take place. If a fracture is suspected, it is necessary to immobilize the injured limb to prevent the displacement of the bones, and go to the hospital if there is such an opportunity. You can call an ambulance. At the hospital, a traumatologist will take a picture to clarify the fracture site and apply a cast.
Fainting
Diagnosis of emergency conditions in children shouldto be at least a little bit, but familiar to parents so that they can in time seek medical care. For example, if the skin becomes too pale, cold sweats appear, dizziness appears, this can be a symptom of an approaching fainting.
A child may lose consciousness for various reasons:
- strong bol;
- scare;
- exhaustion of the body;
- heat or sunstroke, which becomes especially relevant in the hot season;
- if you dramatically change the horizontal position to the vertical;
- if the child has hit his head, it can also trigger unconsciousness.
Parents should know what first aid should be provided to the child in such situations:
- Sprinkle face with cold water.
- You can bring to the nose cotton wool moistened with ammonia.
- Wipe the temples with ammonia.
- Be sure to head should lie on its side, because often in such a state is vomiting.
- In the absence of ammonia, rub the ears, the tips of the fingers on the hands, the tip of the nose.
- After the child regains consciousness, give him a little rest and drink warm tea.
If fainting occurs for an unknown reason, it is necessary to urgently visit a doctor in order not to miss the development of a serious pathology.
Conclusion
From all this we can conclude that, bycompared with adults, it is much more common for children to have an emergency. First aid to babies should be provided promptly to prevent the development of serious complications. First of all, you need to be attentive to parents, because, to be honest, most often kids become victims of negligent and irresponsible behavior of adults.
Take care of your children, all dangerous items must be removed from their reach, then you will not have to call an ambulance to save the baby.
