One Russian journalist suggested thatterrorism is hatred: man to man, man to humanity. No matter how this social concept is called, the conclusion still suggests one thing: a terrorist is the enemy of humanity. While they exist in our world, no one can feel safe, because the number of terrorist attacks is growing every day with great speed. According to statistics, the actions of these bandits occur every two or three days in the world, and these illegal actions bring only death.
The concept of "terrorism"
Translated from Latin, the term "terror" meansfear and horror. Proceeding from this, under terrorism it is necessary to understand a social phenomenon, the purpose of which is to intimidate the enemy and his suppression in all possible ways, up to and including physical destruction. Historically, terror is not only intimidation, its essence is reflected in the moral and physical impact. A terrorist is a subject who performs certain actions aimed at intimidation and violence. The subjects of this violence can be an individual, an organization, a group of people or just passers-by who are in no way connected with the goal of the terrorist act, but simply were in the wrong place. Most often, these people are associated by bandits with the whole society, some state body or a public structure. The individuals (or groups of individuals) who commit these terrible acts most often have the goal of destabilizing the situation in a country or in society. A terrorist is a person who wants the fear and distrust of the authorities to drive people to revolutionary measures, to influence the decision of state officials. Fear and misunderstanding of the situation can cause the outbreak of war with another state, civil war, a keen desire for independence.
Terrorists are not just individuals. Huge organizations and groups can carry out illegal intimidating activities, including with the funding and support of entire states.
The essence of terrorism is an illegal activity, therefore it has a number of certain signs:
- This activity entails a great danger, having a direct intent in causing death to one, several or a large number of people.
- He has the public nature of the performance. About this act should be known to a large number of people.
- The purpose of illegal actions is a direct desire to create an environment in which fear and depression reign.
- When performing actions, the gangsters, influencing some, pursue the goal of influencing completely different people.
If we compare the concepts of "terror" and "terrorism", then we can say that the first concept is broader, more massive, and a large number of people suffer from terror.
International terrorism: its subjects and meaning
Международный терроризм направлен против individual states or a certain circle of citizens. Its main purpose is a serious violation of the normal activities of the state, undermining the stability of its relations with other countries. Its subjects are entire countries, citizens of a particular nationality, state objects, politicians or diplomats. This type of terrorism is called the economic version of the war. This method is the most effective: people are dying, the country's economy is undermined, its position in the world, and everything happens with minimal military expenditures and casualties on the part of those who organize and execute everything.
The main principles of this type of banditry are:
- All military means for committing a terrorist act are located on the territory of the enemy, that is, bought on this territory.
- Those who are engaged in subversive activities, are located in different parts of the enemy state, they are difficult to detect, because most of the time bandits live legally in this country.
- The organizers of the terrorist attacks are also difficult to find because a network management system is being created to manage them, making it difficult to reach the very top.
Основными инструментами терроризма, как international, and domestic, is a psychological elevation over the enemy, because the organizers always have a clear and thoughtful plan, and it is very difficult to detect what kind of blow will be done in the future.
History of terrorism
If you trace the emergence of terrorism,it can be concluded that it appeared a long time ago. That is, violence against a person appeared long ago, and the generally accepted concept appeared only in the 20th century. Its first manifestation, in the opinion of some historians, is the partisan movement in some countries of Latin America. After the dispersal of the partisan movement in these countries, a group of people began to act, having carried out several subversive acts, which were later called the "urban guerrilla." In the early 60s, this action took place in the Israeli army. During these years, Palestinian terrorists blew up military equipment, hijacked airplanes with passengers, then blew them up, seized vehicles with hostages or occupied buildings with people, created sabotage in crowded places. For decades, the country has been seized by a wave of extremist terrorism. Similar manifestations began in the countries of Western Europe in the same years, when the so-called Italian “red brigades” appeared, the separatist groups of ETA in Spain, and the republican army in Ireland. The list of terrorists is very long. The worst of them is Osama bin Laden, who was liquidated in early May 2011. This terrorist number 1 brought a lot of evil and tears into this world, destroying many lives. His name was associated with a huge number of crimes, explosions and attacks. He has been wanted since 1998. The following well-known terrorists are named: Ayman al-Zawahiri, who organized the "Egyptian Islamic Jihad", Adam Gadan, Daniel Andres San Diego, the alleged member of the organization of office building bombings in the United States, Ali Atwa, who is engaged in air piracy, aircraft bombing, hostage taking, Fahd Mohammed Ahmed Al-Kuso and many others.
Types of terrorism
This social phenomenon is classified according to several grounds. If we consider it geographically, then international and domestic terrorism can be distinguished.
Depending on the motive for conducting illegal actions, they distinguish political, religious and national.
According to many historians, the most controlledis political terrorism. Its main direction is considered to be the expression of discontent with the existing political one within the state. This type of banditry appeared the very first. The state bodies basically learned to adequately cope with such gangs. Those of them that have existed for many years are beginning to calm down: the senior leaders of the existing groups are already serving their terms of imprisonment, and the new generation is not so dangerous and professional. Political terrorist actions are rather limited, they can be influenced not only by state bodies, but also by society as a whole.
National terrorism is illegalactions of a group of people who are aimed at creating their own independent state. Groups that wish to create their own separate state structure are arming themselves and trying to defend their interests with the use of weapons. Financing of terrorism in this case comes at the expense of other states, structures, people who are interested in either creating a new political system or seriously undermining the existing economic or social sphere, against which the actions of the bandits are directed. Often the basis for funding is not only the political side, but also the financial one. Over the past century, the most striking example of national terrorism is the struggle of the Kurds, advocating the creation of a new state of Kurdistan, which took place on the territory of four states at once: Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria.
Another example is the struggle of a group of people inSouthern France and Spain, the so-called Basques, who wanted to become completely independent. In the UK, members of the IRA - the Irish Army - who are trying to create an independent state with the help of terrorist attacks were called nationalist terrorists. Some manifestation of this type of terror, according to some part of society, is the struggle of the south-eastern part of Ukraine for the possibility of creating its own federal unit within another state. The most terrible type of this social phenomenon is considered to be one that is based on religious views. Religious fanatics are ready to easily give their lives in the struggle for their ideals. The main manifestation of this type of terror is the struggle of the Palestinians, which takes place in Israel. Speaking about the leaders of gangster groups, it is necessary to single out the already destroyed Osama Bin Laden, who laid his life on the creation of a world Islamic state. This terrible person was able to unite a large number of people who had become a threat to other innocent lives, to collect huge sums of money for organizing the struggle, to establish an Al-Qaida rescue fund. Under his patronage, suicide bombers were trained for whom nothing sacred exists. They are united only by a common goal.
Suicide bombers
Bombers suicide cause specialistscontroversial opinions. There are many approaches to this concept. A well-known expert in the field of studying the essence of terrorism A. Merari believes that this definition does not have a general concept. Summing all death row under one comb cannot be. The bomber can be a normal person, but under the influence of some factors, attitudes and beliefs, he is ready for self-sacrifice. The training of such persons involved in recruits. At first they find a person with a suitable psychological portrait, then they process it and bring it gradually to perform certain actions that take the life not only of the suicide bomber, but also of a large number of people. All this, in their opinion, is done in the name of a common goal, most often it is a religion. In second place is nationalism.
Bomber can also be a human brainwhich is clouded with national or religious ideas. This is a kind of tool in the hands of leaders of terrorist groups, who, as a rule, do not understand the true goals of their actions, but believe in what they do for the benefit of mankind.
Another concept researcher"Suicide bomber", Aarkus has a different opinion. According to his teaching, suicide bombers are of two types. The first type is precisely religious or national fanatics, and the second is artificially created suicide bombers who, under the influence of religion or national views, are capable of self-sacrifice.
But Professor Ross from the AmericanUniversity, studying the psychological side of suicide bombing, argues that their formation is influenced by various factors, both social and psychological and national. Favorable conditions for the development of terrorism are social problems existing in a certain society, the development of democracy, a predisposition to suicide, the cult of kamikazes, the fear of lack of demand in life and society, aggression, guilt towards others and much more.
Forms of terrorism
The phenomenon of terror has various forms of manifestation.All of them are taken into account when drafting criminal legislation. The division into forms is conditional, since often a terrorist act is a combination of several forms. The most common forms of mixed - for example, the seizure of transport with people. In this case, several actions are combined: the taking of hostages and the seizure of transport.
One of the most common and dangerous formsterrorism is the use of explosive devices in order to cause maximum harm. Terrorist weapons are the most diverse, including explosive devices. It can be homemade bombs and factory bombs. The reasons for which the bandits use explosive devices are clear: when they are used, the damage is enormous. Self-made devices do not require significant costs, in addition, you can use remote control, which increases the level of security of the terrorists themselves.
The second most important form is hijackingair, sea or other type of transport, including rail. This form is often combined with the explosion of hijacked transport, so it leads to numerous human casualties, especially if the captured transport accommodates many passengers.
This form of terrorism, as an act, consists ofseveral stages: first of all capture and subsequent theft. Capture is called mastering transport by means of violence. A terrorist is a criminal who applies force both to the crew of a ship or aircraft and to passengers. Basically after the seizure of transport (vessel), criminals change the course of movement, choosing their own direction.
Hostage-taking is considered the third form.terrorism, although this act is combined with other forms. In theory, the hostages are people who are forcibly held in a certain place as guarantors of the execution of terrorists' demands by state or other persons. Hostage-taking, as a form of this type of banditry, has the following objective data:
- capture planning with action goal definition;
- search for accomplices;
- search for the necessary means to achieve the goal;
- determining the location of the seizure, the study of the presence of guards, means of communication between the guards, the time and direction of their movement;
- committing acts whose purpose is to seize and illegally detain people;
- making demands;
- negotiations of terrorists.
A rather serious form is psychological terrorism, which represents moral violence against people. This is psychological blackmail, the use of deadly weapons or violence.
In modern society, cyber-terrorism has emerged,which is a deliberate criminal attack on information that is processed by computer hardware or software, and is important to the public or the state. This form can also harm the health and life of the population.
The position of terrorism in the world
This topic has become very relevant in recentyears The news is overwhelmed with facts about terrorist acts. It seems that all the terrorists of the world have begun to actively pursue their own political, national or religious goals. Experts link the main reason for the activity of such organizations with crisis times in Europe and in the world. Any terrorist operation can lead to the destruction of the existing regime. Militant terrorists seize entire territories, shoot down planes and do other terrible things. Human lives are becoming a weapon for national or religious purposes.
The situation with terrorism in Russia
In Russia, the topic of terrorism occupies quite a few places indaily news. The terrorist attacks in Russia took place immediately after the collapse of the Union, in 1994-1995, they did not stop later. The biggest act in recent years in the Russian Federation was the terrible seizure of Beslan in North Ossetia, when children were the victims. Terrorists are people who do not have any morality, which is why they attacked the lives of children. In the school, which was seized by criminals on September 1, 2004, there were about 1,200 people in total, three days of terror died - 326. According to an investigation by the special services, 32 people took part in that terrible act, 31 of whom were killed in the process of releasing people. Only one of the bandits remained alive. You can also recall the Nord-Ost, the capital's palace of culture, which was mined by terrorists along with 700 spectators and employees of the institution. The terrorists held hostages for three days, mocking the relatives of poor people. The act ended with an assault, which, according to the official version, began after the gangsters started shooting people. In this fight, special forces against the terrorists spoke professionally, but they had to use deadly gas. Unfortunately, many innocent people died from its impact.
Another terrorist threat toModern Russia are the Arab Wahhabis. This group carries out acts of religious terror, from which Russians can suffer. Terrorists, whose photos are in the file of international and Russian services dealing with this problem, can live among us and at the same time plan their atrocities.
Methods of dealing with terrorists
On the fight against terrorism talk in the currentsituation can be a lot. First of all, I would like to say which authorities are directly fighting in Russia against criminal groups or individual terrorists. The main fighter is the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. In addition to this service, there are departments for combating terrorism in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, the Federal Guard Service of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Defense of Russia.
In the Russian Federation created anti-terrorism units,the main of which are the group "Alpha" and "Vympel". Also, special services, which are fighting terrorism, were also created under the army, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Vega group), under force structures.
Terror can only be avoided by jointefforts of different countries that are set to seriously solve the problem. It is necessary to develop an integrated approach to combat this phenomenon through not only legal and military influence, but also identifying the main causes of its occurrence. The most important thing is not to look for excuses for terrorism, not to divide it into right and wrong. It is necessary to fight against any manifestation of it. At the legislative level in all countries it is necessary to strengthen criminal liability for an act of terror. The law on countering terrorism and criminal law need to be tightened, including the introduction of the death penalty.
Laws that contribute to the fight against terrorists
The counter-terrorism law, adopted in March 2006, helps the fight against terrorism in Russia. The law establishes the basic principles of struggle, developed various methods of prevention.
