The work of industrial enterprises is necessary fordevelopment of the state and citizens. But if non-compliance with safety requirements, there is a threat to life and health. This may be radiation or chemical damage. Such situations require immediate action - elimination of infection.
Hazard of radiation and chemical emissions
With nuclear explosions, accidents at nuclear power plants and othernuclear transformations emit a lot of radioactive particles. These are such substances whose atomic nuclei can independently decay and pass into the atomic nuclei of other elements. As a result, ionizing radiation is formed.
Such phenomena infect the terrain, peopleproperty. By nature, ionizing radiation is electromagnetic, as well as in the form of a stream of fast-moving particles. This destroys the cells of the body, which causes radiation sickness. When running, death occurs. To conduct research on this issue, a laboratory of radiation monitoring is used, access to which only specialists have.
Characteristics
Radiations have two main characteristics:
- ionizing;
- penetrating ability.
In addition to ionizing radiation for humans andnatures are dangerous toxic particles released using chemical weapons, as well as potent toxic substances. Similar phenomena occur in case of accidents at work.
Human damage occurs on hittoxic particles in the body, for example, when in contact with contaminated soil or objects, the use of dangerous food, water, inhalation of air. To protect the public from such phenomena, radiation and chemical monitoring is performed. This allows you to prevent danger, as well as protect people from adverse effects.
General requirements
Radiation and chemical monitoring should be performed:
- at enterprises and institutions of Rosatom State Corporation;
- in organizations subordinate to Rosatom;
- in institutions of biomedical fields;
- in organizations that create dosimetric control devices.
The generally accepted guidelines are enshrined in SanPiNs and GOST, which spelled out the rules of action for chemical and radiation contamination.
Radiation Intelligence Instruments
What radiation control devices are used?For this purpose, dosimetric equipment is used that performs the functions of measuring the level of radiation, the degree of infection, and identifying radiation doses. Moreover, the device is used both for people and for food, water, transport and other items. Radiation monitoring is also performed when there is a risk of infection.
By purpose, the equipment is divided depending on the application:
- for radiation reconnaissance: radioactivity indicators and radiometers;
- to control the level of infection: radiometers;
- to control radiation: dosimeters.
Each device is necessary to protect the population and the area from danger. Such activities as radiation reconnaissance and control, allow to maintain a normal standard of living of the population.
Types of radiation
Alpha radiation is represented as a stream of nuclei.helium atoms whose penetrating function is low. These particles are retained by ordinary clothing, personal protective equipment. Substances become dangerous with penetration into the body, which leads to internal exposure.
Beta radiation is a stream of fastelectrons appearing in the decay of radioactive particles. Although he has a small ionizing ability, but the penetrating function is high. Clothing does not always protect against such radiation, and therefore better shelter is required.
Gamma radiation has intranuclearby origin. It spreads at the speed of light. Radiation has high penetrating power, so it can even flow through thick materials. Since the particles ionize the cells of living organisms, they are dangerous to humans. As protection, shelters, anti-radiation shelters, basements and cellars are used.
Radiation Detection Techniques
The following methods are used to determine emissions:
- photographic involves measuring the level of blackening of a photoemulsion during radioactive radiation;
- chemical based on the installation of changes in the shade of chemical particles under the influence of radiation;
- scintillation involves the identification of the formation of photons;
- ionization is based on the fact that when radiation is observed ionization of gases.
Radiation control allows you to identify the level of infection, as well as to prevent the occurrence of adverse effects for people, animals and nature.
Devices for chemical reconnaissance
Determination of the level of infection with poisonous particlesair, terrain, transport, clothing, water occurs using chemical reconnaissance devices. It is also possible to take samples, which are transmitted to the laboratory for analysis.
The device interacts with toxic substancesand by changing the color of indicators, the level of infection is determined. Based on the information shown by such devices, the concentration of harmful particles in the air is established. The equipment includes:
- military chemical survey device;
- chemical intelligence device;
- semi-automatic chemical intelligence device;
- automatic gas detector.
All types of equipment have a similar principle of operation. Each of them allows you to determine the degree of infection.
Recommendations
There are rules that allow you to competently act in dangerous situations:
- an alarm is triggered when danger is detected;
- are in combat readiness of protection;
- when contaminated areas are appointed responsible persons;
- if there is a need, the evacuation of the population is organized;
- people can only return to a safe area.
Thanks to observation, it is possible to prevent manydangerous phenomena. The atmosphere is constantly monitored by meteorological services, which will be able to warn in time about an impending adverse event. Therefore, radiation control is very important, allowing to prevent the occurrence of danger to people.
