In our article we will tell about the Tula Kremlin andTulu. Historical facts will be mentioned. We also describe the cathedrals and towers that are in the territory of the Kremlin. Below are photos of the Tula Kremlin. But first things first.
At a distance of 195 km from the capital of the Russian Federation on the banks of the right tributary of the Oka (river Upa) is located the regional city of Tula with a population of more than 500 thousand indigenous people.
The article focuses on the history of one ofThe old cities of Russia and its main attraction - the Tula Kremlin, which is located in the central part of the city, is a rectangle with the perimeter of the walls of more than one kilometer and covers an area of more than 6 hectares.
origin of name
Historians have several versions of the origin of the name of the city. According to one version, the word “Tula” from the Turkic language (the language of a group of Turkic peoples) is translated as “to take by force”, “to seize”.
Another version says that during the time of the Golden Horde, this territory belonged to Khan Janibek's wife Taidule. It was probably the name of the city that came from her name.
Но самой правдоподобной версией, которая взята за The basis, consider the explanation of the Russian ethnographer Vladimir Dahl, that Tula originated from the word "to cuddle up", that is, to find a place where you can hide, find shelter and protection.
Tula history
The archaeological excavations show that representatives of the Slavic tribe of Vyatichi lived on the territory of the modern city.
В те времена поселение представляло собой the area enclosed by a wooden fence (paling). In the Nikon Chronicle (named for the author, Patriarch Nikon), this settlement was first mentioned in 1146.
В XIV столетии населенный пункт стал центром crafts and trade and was part of the Ryazan principality. In 1380, after the battle between the troops under the command of Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow and the Golden Horde (Battle of Kulikovo), all the Russian lands were gradually united. In this period of history, according to the will of the Ryazan prince, in 1503 the Tula region is part of the Moscow principality.
В 1507 году по указанию Государя Всея Руси Basil III (father of Ivan the Terrible) on the banks of the river Upa began construction of the stone Tula citadel. After 13 years, the Kremlin was built, and the city, which was formed around the defensive structure, becomes a reliable defender against external enemies from the south side of Moscow. The main occupation of the inhabitants of the city was the manufacture of weapons.
In 1595 from gunsmiths organizedKuznetsk settlement. There the master made various kinds of military weapons. The material was taken from the quarry of a natural cluster of iron hydroxides, which was located near the city. After some time, Tula gunsmiths became famous throughout Russia.
Twenty years war between Russia and Sweden(1700-1721) forced the first All-Russian Emperor Peter I to pay great attention to the manufacture of Tula weapons. In 1712, on his instructions, the construction of the first Russian arms factory began in Tula, and its production became known all over the world.
Since the end of the XIX century, the city began to buildmetallurgical and metalworking enterprises and branches of the main weapons factory. Now Tula is considered one of the largest industrial centers of Russia. Its centuries-old history and preserved cultural monuments attract tourists from many countries of the world. Tula, according to tourists, is considered a city-museum.
Guests of the city are attracted, in addition to TulaKremlin Museum of Weapons. In one of the factory management rooms in 1873, at the initiative of the plant manager, an exposition was opened for visitors, created from samples made at the Tula arms factory.
In 2012, a new museum building was built (Oktyabrskaya Street). There, tourists can inspect the weapons of Russian military equipment of past centuries.
The building of the famous Russian samovar museum is located in front of the main entrance to the Tula Kremlin. The latter is considered the main attraction and pride of the indigenous inhabitants of the city and region.
History of the Tula Kremlin
В начале XVI столетия правителем Московского The principality was Vasily III, who, given that the Crimean horde at that time represented a danger to the Russian state, began in 1507 the construction of an oak fortress on the river Upa. In 1514 it was decided to build a stone-like Moscow Kremlin inside. Thus, from 1521 and throughout its history, the Tula Kremlin was an impregnable stronghold for an external enemy.
For the local population who settledaround, the stone fortress was constantly becoming a shelter from the invasion of the enemy. Over the next centuries, the boundaries of the Moscow state expanded. In this regard, Tula, being in the center of Russia, ceased to perform the role of a border fortress.
By that time, according to historical documents, in the territory of the Tula Kremlin there were more than one hundred private buildings and various kinds of city institutions.
The first street of the city then began with the territory of the citadel. She bore the name "Big Kremlin".
Руководство города начало уделять внимание этому historical object associated with the history of Tula and the whole of Russia since the end of the XIX century. Began to be regular restoration work to restore the original appearance.
Now tourists and visitors can visithistorical object, which is located on the street Mendeleev. They can explore the Assumption and the Epiphany cathedrals of the Tula Kremlin, seven towers and museums located in the territory of the citadel.
Assumption Cathedral
The main temple of the Russian Orthodox Church (Russian Orthodox Church)It is considered the Assumption Cathedral. In the Tula Kremlin, it is located in its central part. The cathedral is the main attraction of the complex. In this place in 1626 was a wooden church. After 135 years, the church was dismantled and a stone church building, the Assumption Cathedral, was built on its foundation.
After the revolutionary events of 1917, the churchshut down. Then the building housed various urban institutions. In 1991 he was handed over to the leadership of the Orthodox Church. It was it who organized the restoration work of the cathedral and the nearby bell tower. Now tourists can visit the existing church and see the restored interior.
Epiphany Cathedral
In 1855, on the territory of the Tula KremlinThe construction of the Cathedral of the Epiphany began in memory of the dead Russian soldiers during the military actions of Russia against the invasion of Napoleon's troops (Patriotic War of 1812). Seven years later, the church building was consecrated. The iconostasis was built by Nikanor Safronov, and the master for creating icons for the temple was the artist A. Borisov.
In contrast to the Assumption Cathedral, which was considered“Cold” and in which services were held only in the summer, heating was carried out in the Church of the Epiphany. Therefore, here church services were held year-round. The temple building was a two-story five-domed church, where there were two chapels: St. Nicholas and Prince Alexander Nevsky.
Since 1930, the cathedral was closed. Initially, it housed the flying club. And in 1950, he was given to the club of athletes.
During this time, the appearance of the temple was changed:only one of the five chapters is preserved - the central one. Now in the building of the former cathedral since 1989, there are expositions of various types of weapons that were manufactured at the Tula Arms Plant.
Spasskaya Tower
Around 1517, the Spasskaya Tower was erected on the territory of the Tula Kremlin in Tula. The name of this building was due to the eponymous church located nearby.
After construction at the top sitebuilt an observation tower with a bell, which warned the population about the approach of the enemy. Therefore, in the documents issued in the XVI-XVII centuries, the tower was called Vestovoj.
Odoev Gate Tower
In the XVI century from this tower began the road totowards the future administrative center of the Odoevsky district (75 km from Tula). Throughout its history, she changed the name several times. In those days, it was called the Kiev Gate. After some time, due to the fact that the church (chapel), built in the name of the Kazan Mother of God, was located nearby, the tower was renamed and given the name Kazan.
In 1784, during the first restoration works of the Tula Kremlin, the original appearance of the tower was changed. Then a dome with a spire was erected on which the coat of arms of the Russian state was strengthened.
This architectural addition residents of Tulaexpressed their gratitude to Empress Catherine II for the money allocated from the royal treasury for the restoration of the tower, from which the main avenue of the city, Lenin Avenue, now begins.
Ivanovo Tower
In the north side is the tower of TulaKremlin, called Ivanovo. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that there are no holes (loopholes) for shooting at the enemy, like the others. Because of this, it was quite difficult to hit a person leading an aimed fire.
В XVI столетии Ивановская башня называлась Taynitskoy. This is due to the fact that under the building was once a basement. It was there that there was a passage over 70 meters long, designed to supply drinking water to defenders of the fort in the event of a prolonged blockade. At the end of the 17th century, the wooden tunnel collapsed. And it was not restored, since by that time it had ceased to fulfill the role of its purpose.
Nearby is a church built in memoryto the dead Russian soldiers during the defense of Tula from the troops of the Crimean Khan Devlet Gerai in 1552, and the tower was renamed the Predtechensky. Now the building is called Ivanovo.
Pyatnitsky Gate Tower
Next to the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin (Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Church), tourists pay attention to the beautiful in appearance of the tower of the Pyatnitsky Gate.
Since the XVI century in the premises of this buildingweapons, combat uniforms (armor), ammunition and flags of military units were stored. At one time, the tower played the role of the main entrance gate for personalized guests. In the 18th century, a small Christian chapel was attached to it. Then, for some time, according to the documents of those times, it was called Znamenskaya.
Tower Cellar
The only tower that has a square shape. The design was provided for a basement. After the construction was completed, weapons and gunpowder were stored in it.
Next to the tower, in the wall, there was a passage to the river. He covered himself with an iron shield made in color and shape of the main wall. From the XVIII century until 1921, the Moscow coat of arms of that time was installed on the steeple.
Location and schedule of the Tula Kremlin
Tourists visit Tula mainly towalk through the museum, which since 2006 is in the preliminary list of UNESCO as World Heritage, and explore the historical monuments of culture.
Where is this landmark?The address of the Tula Kremlin: Mendeleevskaya street, 2. And how does this historical object work? Tourists are very convenient to visit the Tula Kremlin. His mode of operation is as follows: from ten in the morning to ten in the evening, seven days a week. Attendance is free.
How to get there?
Given the popularity of this historicobject, the management of public transport so made up the routes that you can get to the stop “Sovetskaya street” or to “Lenin square” by using buses 16, 18, 24 or trolley buses 1, 2, 4, 6, 8.
Tourists in their reviews note that Tula is a truly unique city-museum, and it cannot be confused with other historical cities of Russia. This is confirmed by the facts.
Interesting facts related to the city of Tula
Let's look at them:
- Tula is famous (except for the Tula Kremlin) due to Tula gingerbread, weapons and samovars. Each of these areas is dedicated to a separate museum. All of them are located in the central part of the city.
- The famous Tula gingerbread appeared in the beginning of the XVIII century.
- In the Tula region there is the smallest town in Russia - Chekalin (95 km from Tula) with 950 indigenous people.
- The Museum of Weapons is considered one of the oldest museums in Russia. Collecting exhibits for him throughout Russia began with the personal instructions of Emperor Peter I.
- Tula Kremlin in 2020 will be 500 years old. We began to prepare for large-scale celebrations on this occasion in 2017.
- The horse railway (horse) first appeared in Tula in 1888. At that time, rails were laid connecting the Kiev outpost with the railway station.
- The Tula circus, the opening of which took place in 1870, was the first cultural institution of this type in Russia.
- The master microminiature Alexei Surnin is buried in the Chulkovsky town cemetery. He was a prototype of Lefty in the story of the same name by Nikolai Leskov.
- In Tula there is an exotarium where more than 500 species of snakes are kept. This collection is considered the largest in the world.
- Harmony, which is considered the traditional Russian musical instruments, first appeared on the territory of Russia in Tula.
- In 1637, on the orders of Peter I, a Dutch metalworker created the first metal production plant in the city.
- In the XIX century in Tula functioned 52samovar factories, and each had its own form of manufacture. It was then that the famous saying appeared: “Ride to Tula with your samovar” (do something extra).
- In the city in 1889 installed the onlymonument in Russia to the Tula sanitary doctor Peter Belousov. He was the organizer of the construction of urban sewage and water supply. The monument was installed in the park, named after him.
- In 1976, for the heroism shown during the Second World War, Tula received the title of the city-hero.
- Tula is the birthplace of famous film actors - Vyacheslav Nevinniy and Vladimir Mashkov. Russian-American actress Maria Uspenskaya was also born in this city.
Conclusion
Теперь вы знаете, чем интересна Тула.We considered various sights of the city, including the Tula Kremlin, a museum of weapons, cathedrals. We hope that this information was interesting and useful to you.
