Историческое развитие живой природы происходит по certain laws and is characterized by a combination of individual characteristics. Advances in biology in the first half of the 19th century served as a prerequisite for the creation of a new science - evolutionary biology. She immediately became popular. And it proved that evolution in biology is a deterministic and irreversible process of development of both individual species and their entire communities - populations. It occurs in the Earth’s biosphere, affecting all its envelopes. This article will be devoted to the study of the concepts of a biological species, and evolutionary factors.
The history of evolutionary views
Science has passed a difficult path of formationideological ideas about the mechanisms underlying the nature of our planet. It began with the ideas of creationism expressed by C. Linnaeus, J. Cuvier, C. Lyeley. The first evolutionary hypothesis was presented by the French scientist Lamarck in his work The Philosophy of Zoology. English researcher Charles Darwin, the first in science, suggested that evolution in biology is a process based on hereditary variability and natural selection. Its foundation is the struggle for existence.
Darwin believed that the emergence of continuouschanges in species are the result of their adaptation to the constant change of environmental factors. The struggle for existence, according to the scientist, is a set of interrelations of the organism with the surrounding nature. And its reason lies in the desire of living beings to increase their numbers and expand their habitats. All of the above factors and includes evolution. Biology, the 9th grade, which is studied in class, considers the processes of hereditary variability and natural selection in the section “Evolutionary teaching”
Synthetic hypothesis of the development of the organic world
During the lifetime of Charles Darwin, his ideas werecriticized a number of such famous scientists as F. Jenkin and G. Spencer. In the 20th century, in connection with the stormy genetic studies and the postulation of the laws of Mendel's heredity, it became possible to create a synthetic hypothesis of evolution. Such famous scientists as S. Chetverikov, D. Haldane and S. Raid described it in their writings. They argued that evolution in biology is a phenomenon of biological progress, having the form of aromorphoses, idioadaptations affecting populations of various species.
According to this hypothesis, evolutionary factorsare waves of life, gene drift and isolation. The forms of the historical development of nature manifest themselves in such processes as speciation, microevolution, and macroevolution. The above scientific views can be represented as the summation of knowledge about mutations, which are the source of genetic variation. As well as ideas about the population, as a structural unit of the historical development of a biological species.
What is an evolutionary environment?
This term is understood as biogeocenotic.level of organization of wildlife. Microevolutionary processes occur in it, affecting populations of one species. As a result, the emergence of subspecies and new biological species becomes possible. Here are the processes that lead to the emergence of taxa - genera, families, classes. They relate to macroevolution. Scientific studies by V. Vernadsky, which prove the close interconnection of all levels of organization of living matter in the biosphere, confirm the fact that biogeocenosis is an environment of evolutionary processes.
In climax, that is, stable ecosystems, inwhich there is a large variety of populations of many classes, changes occur as a result of coherent evolution. Biological species in such stable biogeocenoses are called tsenofilnymi. And in systems with unstable conditions, there is an inconsistent evolution among ecologically plastic, so-called coenophobic species. Migrations of individuals of different populations of the same species change their gene pools, disrupting the frequency of occurrence of different genes. That is what modern biology thinks. The evolution of the organic world, which will be discussed below, confirms this fact.
Stages of nature development
Such scientists as S. Razumovsky and V.Krasilov proved that the pace of evolution that underlies the development of nature is uneven. They are slow and almost imperceptible changes in stable biogeocenoses. They are sharply accelerated during periods of environmental crises: man-made disasters, melting glaciers, etc. About 3 million species of living creatures inhabit the modern biosphere. The most important of them for human life is biology (Grade 7). The evolution of the simplest, intestinal, arthropod, chordous is a gradual complication of the circulatory, respiratory, nervous systems of these animals.
The first remnants of living organisms are found inArchean sedimentary rocks. Their age is about 2.5 billion years. The first eukaryotes appeared at the beginning of the Proterozoic era. Possible variants of the origin of multicellular organisms explain the scientific hypotheses of phagocytella I. Mechnikov and E. Goethell's gastritis. Evolution in biology is the path of development of living nature from the first Archean life forms to the diversity of the flora and fauna of the modern Cenozoic era.
Modern ideas about the factors of evolution
They are conditions that causeadaptive changes of organisms. Their genotype is most protected from external influences (conservatism of the gene pool of a biological species). Inherited information may still change under the influence of gene chromosomal mutations. In this way - the acquisition of new signs and properties - the evolution of animals. Biology studies it in such sections as comparative anatomy, biogeography and genetics. Reproduction, as a factor of evolution, is of paramount importance. It provides a change of generations and continuity of life.
Man and the biosphere
The processes of the Earth's shells andThe geochemical activity of living organisms is studied by biology. The evolution of the biosphere of our planet has a long geological history. It was developed by V. Vernadsky in his teaching. He also introduced the term "noosphere", meaning by it the influence of conscious (mental) human activity on nature. Living matter entering all the envelopes of the planet changes them and determines the circulation of matter and energy.
