Soviet time chronologically covers the periodfrom the coming to power of the Bolsheviks in 1917 and until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. During these decades, a socialist system was established in the state and at the same time an attempt was made to affirm communism. In the international arena of the USSR, he headed the socialist camp of countries that also embarked on the construction of communism.
The first years of Soviet power
The coming to power of the Bolsheviks and then followeda radical break in the social, economic, political and cultural spheres of society completely changed the face of the former Russian Empire. The so-called dictatorship of the proletariat led to the total domination of one party, whose decisions were not disputed.
The country has been nationalizedproduction and banned large private property. At the same time, in the Soviet era in the 1920s, a new economic policy (NEP) was carried out, which contributed to a certain revival of trade and production. The photos of the Soviet era of the 1920s are an excellent source for the history of the period in question, since they demonstrate the profound changes that have occurred in society after the cessation of the existence of the Russian Empire. However, this period did not last long: at the end of the decade, the party headed for the centralization of the economic sphere.
At the beginning of its existence, the state is verygreat attention was paid to ideology. Party educational programs were aimed at the formation of a new man in the Soviet era. The period up to the 1930s, however, can be considered transitional, since then society still had some freedom: for example, discussions were allowed on matters of science, art, and literature.
Era of Stalinism
Since 1930, the country has finally established itself.totalitarian regime. The cult of personality, the absolute dominance of the Communist Party, collectivization and industrialization, socialist ideology - these are the main phenomena of the era. In the political sphere, Stalin’s one-man rule was established, whose authority was indisputable, and decisions were not subject to discussion or even more doubt.
В экономике также произошли коренные изменения, which became a landmark in the Soviet era. The years of industrialization and collectivization led to the creation in the USSR of large-scale industrial production, the rapid development of which largely led to the victory in the Great Patriotic War and brought the country to the rank of leading world powers. Photos of the Soviet era of 1930 demonstrate success in creating heavy industry in the country. But at the same time agriculture, the village, the village were weakened and needed serious reform.
Soviet Union in the years 1950-1960
After Stalin's death in 1953, it became obviousthe need for change in all areas of society. Soviet time in the decade entered the historical science under the name "thaw". At the XX Party Congress in February 1956, the Stalin personality cult was debunked, and this was a signal for serious reforms.
There was a wide rehabilitation of the victims.in hard years of repression. The power went to a weakening in managing the economy. So, in 1957, industrial ministries were liquidated and territorial departments for production control were created instead. The national economy councils and state industrial management committees began to work actively. However, the reforms gave a short-term effect and subsequently only increased the administrative confusion.
In agriculture, the government went on a numbermeasures to increase its productivity (debt write-off from collective farms, their financing, development of virgin lands). At the same time, the liquidation of the MTS, the unreasonable sowing of corn, the consolidation of collective farms had a negative impact on the development of the village. The Soviet era of 1950 - the first half of the 1960s was a period of improvement in the life of Soviet society, but at the same time revealed a number of new problems.
USSR in 1970-1980
Board L.I.Brezhnev was marked by new reforms in the agrarian and industrial sectors of the economy. The government has returned to the sectoral principle of enterprise management, however, made some changes in the production process. Enterprises were transferred to cost accounting, the evaluation of their economic activity was now carried out not on gross, but on sales. This measure was supposed to increase the interest of direct producers in increasing and improving production.
We also created funds from private profits.economic incentives. In addition, wholesale elements have been introduced. However, this reform did not affect the fundamentals of the economy of the USSR, and therefore gave only a temporary effect. The country still existed due to the extensive development path and in scientific and technical terms lagged behind the developed countries of Western Europe and the USA.
State in the years 1980-1990
In the years of perestroika, seriousan attempt to reform the economy of the Soviet Union. In 1985, the government took the course to accelerate economic development. The main focus was not scientific and technical improvement of production. The goal of the reform was to achieve a world-class economy. The priority is the development of domestic engineering, which poured the main investments. However, an attempt to reform the economy through command and control measures failed.
A number of political reforms were carried out, inIn particular, the government eliminated the dictates of the party, introduced a two-tier system of legislative power in the country. The Supreme Council became a constantly functioning parliament, the post of the President of the USSR was approved, democratic freedoms were proclaimed. At the same time, the government introduced the principle of publicity, that is, openness and accessibility of information. However, the attempt to reform the established administrative-command system ended in failure and led to a comprehensive crisis in society, which caused the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Soviet period in domestic and world history
The period from 1917–1991 is a whole epoch notonly for Russia, but for the whole world. Our country has undergone deep internal and external shocks, and in spite of this it became one of the leading powers in the Soviet era. The history of these decades influenced the political order not only of Europe, where a socialist camp was established under the leadership of the USSR, but also on events in the world as a whole. Therefore, it is not surprising that the phenomenon of the Soviet time is so interesting for both domestic and foreign researchers.
