The economic system of the state performs a numberimportant tasks. One of them is the production of services and goods for citizens. These public goods are useful for many people (for example, bridges, national defense, etc.). As a rule, such production is unprofitable for the private sector, and the state assumes it.
If the provision of benefits to the individual is impossible withoutthe provision of others and consumption together, it is called pure social. An example would be the civil defense of the population, as it concerns everyone and everyone equally. Thus, net public goods are goods and services, the benefits of which are inseparably distributed throughout society. At the same time, the distribution of benefits does not depend on the desire of individual citizens to acquire or not to acquire them (services and goods).
Pure public goods have two features.The first - the absence of competition in consumption - indicates that with an increase in the number of consumers, the utility delivered to each of them never decreases. If net public goods are provided to the individual consumer, then the costs are zero. With an increase in the number of consumers, the principles of Pareto-improvement are fulfilled (compared to the past state, in the changed economic situation no one lost and some participants in economic relations even won).
The second feature - non-exclusiveness - isthe fact that the producer of public goods is not possible to remove the consumer from use. Suppliers are not able to enter into separate economic relations with each consumer.
Net public goods are not bought on the market. They are paid by the state tax system.
Due to the fact that the consumption of public goodsaccompanied by positive effects for all citizens, the economic system should rationally solve problems not for distribution, but for ensuring the necessary volume of their production.
Of course, the classification is not limitedconcepts of private and general consumption and their characteristics. In this case, the signs used may have varying degrees of manifestation with respect to one or another product or service. Thus, both private and public good may have indiscriminateness (or other signs).
Benefits that have selectivity in highdegree and exclusivity in the low, called the benefits of joint consumption. At the same time, restrictions in consumption and use are associated with high costs. As a rule, such benefits include beaches, parks, places of public visits, in connection with which they are also called communal. The joint nature of their use contributes to the emergence of a high level of competition on the principle of "who came first, he uses the first."
Benefits that have a high level of exclusion andlow degree of selectivity, called the excluded collective (public). In this case, access to their use may be (with little cost) limited. In some situations, the level of non-selectivity of the good may decrease in accordance with the increase in the number of consumers. At the same time, from a certain point (from the "overload point"), the provision for additional consumption is associated with an increase in certain costs - with a decrease in utility for consumers.
Те блага, при потреблении которых non-competitiveness is maintained within a specific number of consumers, called overloaded. For example, with an increase in the number of users, the workload of the carriageway increases, and therefore the speed of movement decreases.
The demand for public goods is established in accordance with the degree of their marginal utility to consumers at each specific price level.
