The most legendary educational institution of RussiaTsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum became immediately after its establishment. The initiator of his appearance was Emperor Alexander I, a brilliant teaching staff and a talented director with their pedagogical, personal talents brought out several generations of Russian thinkers, poets, artists, and military men. Graduates of the Lyceum constituted the Russian elite not so much by descent as by implementing the principles of selfless service to the Fatherland in any field.
Base
Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum was opened inthe years of the reign of Alexander I, and more specifically, the decree on its basis was signed by the highest permission in August 1810. The foundation of the higher educational institution fell on the “liberal years” of the sovereign's government. The lyceum was supposed to be the first model of an educational institution with a European approach to education, cultivated on Russian soil.
Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum, from othershigh schools, distinguished by the absence of physical punishment, friendly relations between teachers and students, a rich curriculum, designed to form personal views and many others. It was planned that the grand dukes, the younger brothers of the ruling tsar, Nikolay and Mikhail would study at the lyceum, but later they were decided to give them a traditional home education.
Living Conditions
For the Lyceum was given a four-story newthe building is the wing of the Tsarskoye Selo Palace. The premises of the first floor were intended for the medical unit and board. On the second floor there were classrooms for the younger course, the third was given to senior students, and the upper, fourth floor occupied the bedrooms. The private bedchamber was a modest, almost Spartan furnishings, the furnishings consisted of a forged bed covered with canvas, an office desk for classes, a dresser and a table for washing.
For the library took a two-galleries,which was located above the arch. The ceremonial hall for celebrations was on the third floor. Services, the church and the director's apartment were located in a separate building next to the palace.
Idea of learning
Концепцию и учебную программу разрабатывал an influential courtier, an adviser to Alexander I in the first half of his reign, M. M. Speransky. The main task was the education of civil servants and military new formation of the children of the nobility. The idea of Speransky was to Europeanize Russia, and for this we needed officials with a different mentality, having internal freedom and an appropriate level of humanitarian education.
The selection of high school students was very strict, were takenboys from noble families aged 10 to 12 years old who were to successfully pass the entrance exams, confirming a sufficient level of knowledge in three languages (Russian, German, French), history, geography, mathematics and physics. The full course was six years of study, divided into two stages, for each was given three years.
Humanities and military
The main direction of education is humanitarian,allowed to develop in the student the ability to further self-study, critical thinking, logic and comprehensively develop the talents laid down in the child. For six years, teaching has been conducted in the following main subjects:
- Studying native and foreign languages (Russian, Latin, French, German).
- Moral science (fundamentals of logic, the law of God, philosophy).
- Exact sciences (arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, geometry, physics).
- Humanities (Russian and foreign history, chronology, geography).
- The basics of fine writing (rhetoric and its rules, works of great writers).
- Art (visual, dancing).
- Physical education (gymnastics, swimming, fencing, horse riding).
In the first year, students mastered the basics, andthe second went from basics to the in-depth mastering of all subjects. In addition, throughout the course of training, much attention was paid to civil architecture and sports. Those who chose military business were additionally read watches on the history of wars, fortifications, and other specialized disciplines.
The whole educational and educational process took placeunder the vigilant supervision of the director. The faculty consisted of seven professors, a priest who taught the law of God, six teachers of fine arts and gymnastics, two associates, and three supervisors and tutors followed the discipline.
Первый набор учеников осуществлялся под надзором the emperor himself, out of 38 people who submitted documents and passed the competition, only 30 students were admitted to the lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo, the list was approved by the royal hand. Alexander I carried out the patronage of the school, and Count Razumovsky AK was appointed the head of the Lyceum in the rank of commander in chief. By appointment, the count was supposed to attend all the exams, which he gladly did, knowing by name and by name of all students.
Principles
The tasks of the director of the lyceum were comprehensive, thisthe post was entrusted to V. F. Malinovsky, who received an education at Moscow University. According to the institution’s charter, the director was obliged to live around the clock on the territory of the lyceum and pay attention to the students and the whole process tirelessly; he was personally responsible for the students, for the level of teaching and the general condition of the lyceum life.
Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum wasstaffed by the best teachers of their time, everyone had a higher education, scientific degrees, loved their work and the younger generation. The teachers were free to choose the methods of presenting knowledge, one principle should strictly be observed - there should be no idle pastime for the lyceum students.
Daily schedule
A typical school day was built on a strict schedule:
- The morning began at six o'clock, time was allotted for hygiene procedures, fees, prayers.
- The first lessons in the classes started from seven to nine in the morning.
- The next hour (9: 00-10: 00) the pupils could devote to a walk and a snack (tea with a bun, breakfast was not supposed).
- The second lesson began at 10:00 and lasted until 12:00, after which a walk in the fresh air was on the schedule for an hour.
- Lunch was served at 13:00.
- In the afternoon, from 14:00 to 15:00, students engaged in fine arts.
- From 15:00 to 17:00 followed classes in the classroom.
- At 17:00, children were offered tea, and then a walk followed by 18:00.
- From six o'clock until half past eight in the evening, the students engaged in the repetition of the material studied, engaged in auxiliary classes.
- Dinner was served at 20:30, followed by free time to rest.
- At 22:00 it was time for prayer and sleep. Every Saturday, students visited the bath.
Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo differed from the resteducational institutions also by the fact that it was obligatory for the teacher to gain knowledge and understanding of his subject from each student. Until the material is mastered by all students in the class, the teacher could not start a new topic. In order to achieve efficiency, additional classes were introduced for lagging students, new teaching approaches were sought. The lyceum had its own system of control over the level of acquired and learned knowledge, each student wrote reports, answered oral control questions.
Often the teacher thought it good to keep the student inalone in their subject, Pushkin was not compelled to thoroughly know the mathematical sciences, Professor Kartsov said: “You, Pushkin, in my class, everything ends in zero. Take your seat and write poetry. ”
Lyceum life
Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo was endowed with anotherfeature - complete closeness, the students did not leave the walls of the school throughout the school year. There was also a uniform for everyone. It consisted of a dark blue caftan, a stand-up collar and the cuffs of the sleeves, which were red, fastened with gilt buttons. For the difference between the senior and junior courses, buttonholes were introduced, for the senior course they were sewn with gold, for the younger one silver.
In the Lyceum, where Pushkin studied, great attentionwas given to education. The pupils treated not only the people of their class, but also the servants, the serfs. Human dignity does not depend on the origin, it is instilled in every student. For the same reason, the children practically did not communicate with their relatives - everyone was the heirs of the serfs and at home they could often see a completely different attitude towards dependent people;
Brotherhood and honor
Despite the fact that the Lyceum students had a tight scheduleof studies and occupations, in their memories they all recognized a sufficient amount of freedom. Students lived according to a specific set of laws, the charter of the institution was posted in the corridor of the fourth floor. One of the points argued that the student community is a single family, and therefore in their midst there is no place for conceit, bluster and contempt. Children came to the Lyceum from an early age, and he became a home for them, and comrades and teachers were a real family. The situation in the Imperial Lyceum of Tsarskoye Selo was friendly and united.
A reward system was developed for high school students.and punishments excluding physical abuse. The guilty pranksters were put in a punishment cell for three days, where the director personally came to conduct the conversation, but this was an extreme measure. On other occasions, more benign methods were chosen - deprivation of dinner for two days, at which time the student received only bread and water.
Lyceum fraternity sometimes independently endureda verdict to the behavior of its participants, those who retreated from honor and trampled dignity. Pupils could boycott their comrade, leaving him in complete isolation without the ability to communicate. Unwritten laws were observed no less holy than the charter of the lyceum.
First edition
The first students of Tsarskoye SeloThe Imperial Lyceum was released from the walls of the school in 1817. Almost everyone got a place in the state apparatus, according to the results of the exams, many entered the service in high ranks, many high school students chose military service, equated by status to the Page Corps. Among them were people who became the pride of Russian history and culture. The poet Pushkin A.S. brought the great glory to the lyceum; no one before him treated his school and teachers with such warmth and trepidation. He dedicated many works to the Tsarskoye Selo period.
Virtually all who studied in the first set of steelpride of the country and glorified Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum. Famous graduates, such as V. Kyukhelbeher (poet, public figure, Decembrist), A. M. Gorchakov (eminent diplomat, head of foreign affairs under Tsar Alexander II), A. Delvig (poet, publisher), Matyushkin F. F. (polar explorer, fleet admiral) and others, contributed to the history, culture, development of the arts.
Lyceum student Pushkin
Reassess the influence of Pushkin on the Russianliterature is impossible, his genius was discovered and brought up within the walls of the lyceum. According to the memories of fellow students, the poet had three nicknames - French (a tribute to the excellent knowledge of the language), Cricket (the poet was a mobile and talkative child) and a Mixture of Monkey and Tiger (for fervor of disposition and tendency to quarrels). In the lyceum where Pushkin studied, examinations were held every six months, it was thanks to them that the talent was noticed and recognized back in school years. The poet published his first work in the journal “Vestnik Evropy”, being a lyceum student in 1814.
The situation in the Imperial Lyceum of Tsarskoe Selowas such that the student could not feel his vocation. The whole educational process was aimed at revealing and developing talents, the teachers contributed to this. In his memoirs, in 1830, A.S. Pushkin notes: "... I began to write from the age of 13 and print almost from the same time."
In the corners of the Lyceum transitions,
Become a muse to me.
My student cell,
Hitherto alien fun
Suddenly lit up - Muse in her
Opened the feast of her plots;
Sorry, cold science!
Sorry, the game of the early years!
I changed, I am a poet ...
The first known public performance of Pushkinoccurred on the exam during the transition from the initial course to the senior, final course of study. Eminent people attended the public examinations, including the poet Derzhavin. The poem “Memories of Tsarskoe Selo”, read by a fifteen-year-old student, made a great impression on the guests present. Pushkin immediately began to clear the great future. His works were highly appreciated by the lights of Russian poetry, his contemporaries - Zhukovsky, Batiushkov, Karamzin and others.
Alexander Lyceum
After accession to the throne of Nicholas I Lyceum wastransferred to Petersburg. Tsarskoye Selo was the home of the lyceum students from 1811 to 1843. The school moved to Kamenoostrovsky Avenue, where students were allocated the premises of the former Alexandrinsky orphanage. In addition, the institution was renamed the Imperial Alexander Lyceum, in honor of its creator.
Traditions and the spirit of fraternity settled in the newindoors, no matter how trying to deal with this phenomenon, Nicholas I. Constancy was noted by the observance of unwritten rules, the current statute, as well as the emblem and motto - “For common good”. Paying tribute to their famous graduates, in 1879, on October 19, the first AS museum was opened in the Alexander Lyceum. Pushkin.
But with the justification in the new place somechanges have been introduced. According to the new curriculum, students began to be accepted and released annually, military disciplines were completely abolished, and the list of humanities was expanded. The answer of time and the changed environment were the new departments - agriculture, civil architecture.
After the 17th year
In 1917, the last graduation of students took place.Until 1918, classes continued with long breaks; the Alexander Lyceum was closed in May of the same year. The famous library was partially sent to Sverdlovsk, most of it was distributed among the libraries, lost or found shelter in private hands. It was possible to save about two thousand volumes from the general collection of books, and localize them in the collection of the State Literary Museum in 1938. The collection that came to the Sverdlovsk Library in the 1970s was transferred to the fund of the Pushkin Museum.
The building of the Alexander Lyceum was used fordifferent goals. In 1917, it housed the headquarters of the Red Army and other organizations. Before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War and after it there was a school in the premises, then the building was put at the disposal of SSPTU. Now the building is a college of management and economics.
A terrible fate befell many students andteachers of the Alexander Lyceum. In 1925, a case was fabricated in which, among others. the last director of the Lyceum Schilder V. A and the Prime Minister Golitsyn N. D. were accused of creating a counterrevolutionary organization. All those accused of plotting to restore the monarchy were 26 people, and were shot. So sadly ended the history of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Pushkin was his singer and genius, the rest of the lyceum students of history and pride.
Modern pedagogy is increasingly inclined to believe that the ideas laid by Speransky are the best education option for the younger generation, which it would be useful to apply today.
