It's hard enough to explain what a predicate is,because this term is used in the most opposite areas of knowledge - from mathematics to logic and linguistics. This word comes from the Latin praedicatum and is translated as “spoken,” that is, it means that at the moment it is said about the subject - it does not matter, with denial or affirmation. The predicate is very widely used as a term in linguistics, especially in the terminological systems of Western Europe. In Russian, it is also known what a predicate is, only in our country this term is replaced by “predicate,” although this is not exactly the same thing.
The concept of
Far from any information about the subject can bedenoted by this term. You can understand what a predicate is, by first understanding what semantic requirements are imposed on it. If the characteristic of the object is indicated, as well as its state together with its relation to other objects, then this term can be used. The very underlining of existence or being in the usual sense of the word will not answer the question of what a predicate is, since there is no judgment in it. For example: unicorns don't exist; it's cherry; Almond is not a nut. There is no predicate on all these indications.
Modern lines of logic often replacethe concept of a predicate to others, called the propositional function, where the main arguments are the actants - the object and the subject. It was not possible to avoid terminological mixing in grammatical and logical categories, however, the term we are considering is always used in linguistic usage. For example, predicate terms such as a predicate are associated in the formal aspect of a given sentence clause. They can be nominal, verb and so on. While the definition of a predicate is expressed in its substantive aspect.
Predicate Types
Among semantic types, taxonomic, relational, evaluative, characterizing are distinguished. Taxonomic point to the class of the subject. For example: favorite shoes - sandals; grown tree - cedar; new cinema - fantasy. The relational predicate is the value of indicating how one object relates to another. For example: bast goes on bast; cedar - from the pine family; fantasy - fiction genre. Characterizing predicates indicate static or dynamic, transient or constant attributes of an object. For example: sandals worn out; cedar grows; fantasy captivates.
Particular attention should be paid to the type, which is called the predicate evaluative. For example: bast shoes - eco-friendly shoes; cedars are very beautiful; fantasy immerse the viewer in a fairy tale. There are also predicate words related to the type of spatial and temporal localization. For example: bast shoes in a drawer; cedar cones will be in September; I read fantasy at home. It must be remembered that determining the type of predicate is notit is so simple precisely because in a language different types of them are most often represented syncretically. That is, one verb can express not only one relation of objects to each other, but at the same time both characteristics and localization.
Other classification
You can classify these words on othergrounds. The type of the subject plays a decisive role: the lower order predicates relate to material entities, while the highest order characterizes various types of intangible objects. Here there are sharply contrasted two types: relating to an event and characterizing a proposition, an invariant. For example: sandals broke only yesterday - sandals broke, but yesterday - it is very doubtful.
Further, according to this classification, it is necessary to divide the predicates by the number of actants. Single: sandals - light; cedar is powerful; double: lapti easy on the feet; cedar covered the sun; triple: sandals are easy on the feet when walking; cedar covered the sun for the undergrowth. In another way, predicates can be divided into first-order (non-derivatives - cedar stands); second order (derived from the first - cedar resistant); third order (derived from second) and so on.
Definition
In logic and linguistics, the predicate is predicate.judgments, that is, what is expressed with a denial or a statement about the subject. Such words indicate the absence or presence of a subject of a particular feature. From the point of view of linguistics, it is a question of semantic and syntactic predicates. The latter is the surface element of the structure, that is, the predicate, and the first is the core of the semantic configuration that reflects the situation outside the language, that is, its nuclear semantheme.
In the same way, the semantic predicaterepresented in a variety of ways and at the surface level of the structure. There is no one-to-one correspondence between these two types of predicates, since any of them can reflect the same situation. For example: I put the bast shoes into a corner; I put the bast shoes in the corner; angled bast shoes. A traditionally unresolved problem.Linguistics refers to the definition of the concept of predicate. A positive answer would be essential for the development of the concept - semantic or syntactic, but the predicate has not yet received an unambiguous definition.
Concepts
In terminology, the concept of "predicate" is not basicis, and therefore need to determine it, referring to the configuration of the syntactic representation. The predicate component is usually the one that has a verb group. Informally speaking, everything relating to the verb of a personal form and constituting a single syntactic group with it is also a predicate component.
In particular, it includes auxiliaryelements (component of the auxiliary verb). The predicate, together with the subject, completely exhausts its syntactic structure in the sentence. And then each of these components can be split into simpler ones. In this concept, levels are distinguished - superficial and initial, then the presence of complications will be minimized.
Structure
So, the structure of the predicate can be superficial and original. However, the composition of the syntactic groups does not reflect either the word order or the pledge - passive or active. For example: oak grows a thousand years; oak has been growing for a thousand years; oak grows a thousand years. All these sentences have identical components of the predicate in their original structure.
However, the original structures with all their proximity are notalways associated with surface structures of semantic equivalence. The predicate logic can not be reduced to a single interpretation every time, even if the components are related by collateral. For example:
- New trees are grown in the old garden.
- In the old garden new trees were grown..
Isn't it true that upon closer examination a slightly different meaning is put on the same words?
Semantic interpretation
Further development of this model leads to a decreasethe gap between the surface and the original representation in the proposal. With different initial structures, both active and passive variants will be interpreted differently, although equivalent pairs are also semantically quite possible. The grammar is built so that for these types of sentences all syntactic structures are set separately, and the transformation does not affect the final result, when a passive version with a superficial structure of the sentence is obtained.
It just happens that syntacticrepresentations with the help of grammatical rules are translated into semantic representations, establishing the closeness or even equivalence of the corresponding surface structures. And the same sentence can have a semantic interpretation of several types of predicate at once.
Predicate logic
A predicate is a statement in whicharguments are added. If one argument is substituted, the predicate will express its property; if it is more, then it will draw the relationship between all the arguments. For example: oak - a tree; spruce - tree. Here the property is expressed - to be a tree. This predicate is therefore represented by both oak and spruce. The following example: The bast shoes are woven from the bast. The predicate here will be the word "bast shoes", and the remaining words will be the arguments, since they relate to it and by themselves do not have sufficient independence. Woven - bast shoes. From bast - bast shoes.
The logic of the utterance is too narrowa certain language is therefore not very suitable for human reasoning, therefore, people use the language of predicate logic, that is, reasoning. As an example, we give a reasoning that cannot be expressed by the logic of a statement: All people are mortal. I am human. I'm mortal too. The language of utterance logic needs to be written downthree separate fragments without any connection with each other. And the language of predicates immediately identifies two main ones: "to be mortal" and "to be human." Then the first sentence is most closely associated with them.
Components
In the semantic structure of sentences there areown categories. These are predicates that convey a state or a specific action, actants - subjects of action or objects of various kinds (direct, indirect, effective and so on), sirconstants - various circumstances as a field of action.
For example: At night, a tree knocked on the window with branches. The detail here can be said to be maximum.The predicate of action is the word "pounded." Next are the actants: the subject is “a tree”, the object is “out the window”, the instrumentative is “branches”. The sirconstant (or temperament, or circumstance of time) is the word "at night." But a second, local, “from the street,” for example, may appear.
Components
Predicates are composed according to the semantic principle in this way: predicates themselves (for example, states) and actants (participants in an event). Semantically, actants also have a division into types:
- A subject (otherwise - an agent) is a subject type of actant or active actor. For example: the tree is growing.
- An object is an addressee of direct or indirect action, whether or not directly affected. For example: cat catches a mouse.
- An instinctive is an object without which a situation cannot be realized. For example: ate soup.
- Result - designation of the result of committed actions. For example: spring grass has grown.
In addition, sirconstants cannot be dispensed with - the circumstances of the action. They are also divided into groups. The two most frequent and main ones are temp-book and locative. For example: it gets warm in spring. The word "spring" is temperament. Lilac Blossoms Everywhere. The word "everywhere" is a locative.
Conclusion
To learn how to accurately establish the subject andthe predicate in the judgment, and this is extremely important for one’s own eloquence, and for the most accurate understanding of someone else’s thought, one needs to clearly understand what is the subject of this statement and what speaks of its qualities.
