A retired person is a person who regularlyreceives a cash benefit from the state in connection with the achievement of the established age, disability, loss of breadwinner or resignation after military service. In connection with the demographic problems in many countries, talk about the need for reform in this area. The number of pensioners in Russia is steadily growing, in 2015 it was 35,163 people. This is 24% of all Russian citizens. Thus, in 2015 for 1000 people. The able-bodied population accounts for 411.7 pensioners.
Historical Context
For the first time, pensions were paidofficers of the navy. This happened in 1673 in France. The universal pension system was first implemented in Germany in 200 years, in 1889. During the tsarist period in Russia, it never appeared. Only a few categories of military and civil servants received pensions. Legislative consolidation of the universal system was received only in the USSR. In 1930, retirement age was established: 60 years for men, 55 for women.
Types of pension systems
There are several ways to finance such benefits. The following types of pension systems can be distinguished:
- Distributive. It is based on social insurance. It implies a combination of individual and collective factors.
- Conditionally funded.It is based on the demographic and macroeconomic situation in the country. In this case, the amount of the pension is determined on the basis of the conditional income and the expected life expectancy.
- Accumulative.Under the conditions of this system, the pension depends on wages, deductions go to a separate account. Unlike the previous system, everything depends on real, not conditional income. An employee has the right to choose a pension fund in which he makes deductions.
In the world
In most countries of the world, the retirement ageis 65 years. In some EU countries and in the US, more and more talk about the need for its recovery in connection with the "aging" of nations. It is assumed that the age of retirement by 2060 will increase to 70 years. In Germany, they want to do this in the near future. As the number of pensioners in Russia is constantly increasing, some experts also talk about the need to change the existing system of receiving state benefits by age.
In the Russian Federation
Since January 1, 2015, Russia has started to operatea new pension system. It combines elements of accumulative, insurance and guaranteed benefits. In 2015, the number of pensioners in Russia has reached 43 million citizens. And a significant part of them receive a pension, the size of which is less than the established subsistence level for the corresponding age group. Particularly distressed is the situation of people who did not have a lot of money in connection with the need to care for sick relatives.
The system of Russia is two-tiered.Citizens can choose between the Pension Fund and non-state actors. There are also two types of benefits. They differ in the source of their financial security. The main type are labor pensions. The right to them arises from the attainment of a certain age or length of service. Pensions of the second type are paid due to other circumstances. For example, military service, work in law enforcement.
Statistics: the number of pensioners in Russia
Older citizens in the Russian Federation protectThe Constitution, which guarantees them state support. Their rights are also regulated by a number of international documents adopted within the framework of the United Nations. In order to improve the lives of older citizens in the Russian Federation, a number of strategic documents of the Government, as well as regulatory and legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation, were adopted.
Terminology for the designation of pensioners maysomewhat differ. However, the general criterion for classifying the population as a group is the age limit: for men - 60 years, for women - 55 years. The number of pensioners in Russia for 2016 is 35,986 thousand people. This is 24.6% of the total population, 0.6% more than in 2015. Over the past ten years, the burden on the able-bodied population has increased significantly. If in 2006 there were 326.7 pensioners per 1000 people, in 2015 - 411.7.
Number of persons of working ageincreased due to increased longevity. Moreover, this trend is characteristic of both sexes. However, the death rate of men older than working age is still significantly higher than that of women. And this gap continues to widen. It is expected that in 2031 in Russia there will be 42 324 thousand pensioners. This is 28.7% of the total population. The forecast shows that there will be 533.8 pensioners per 1,000 people of working age.
Number of non-working pensioners in Russia
In 2017, the adoption of the bill is expected,According to which, a part of persons of working age will no longer receive their usual allowance from the state. The changes can only affect those who continue to work in retirement. In addition, not all, but only a small part - individuals with incomes in excess of one million rubles.
Number of working pensioners in Russia forthe first quarter of 2016 decreased by 36%. If in 2015 there were 15 million, then now only 9.6. As a result, the government not only failed to save on the waiver of indexation of pensions, but also had to allocate an additional transfer for compulsory insurance. If we consider how many pensioners in Russia continued to work before, then this number was constantly increasing. In 2014, 34.9% of disabled people were employed. Among the dominant reasons for encouraging pensioners to work:
- Lack of cash.
- The need for communication.
- The desire to make additional savings.
- The pursuit of financial independence.
- Interest in the work performed.
- Habit.
Thus, a sample survey of workersPensioners in the fields of education, health care and social services show the importance of social motivation for the active activities of persons who have reached the age of disability. This strategy is significant not only for the people themselves, but also for the state as a whole, since Russia belongs to the “aging” nations.
The tendency of increase in employment is characteristicpensioners and for EU and OECD countries. If in 2004 only 26% at the age of 60 to 65 worked, then in 2014 it was 35.3%. In Russia, this figure is slightly lower. In this age group in 2013, only 30% continued to work. This allows us to conclude about the possibility of increasing the economic activity of pensioners.
In the military sphere
There are several groups of people whose benefitscharged in a special manner. For military retirees, in addition to those who have served in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, they also count border guards, firefighters, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Department of Internal Affairs. From October 2016, the next increase in their benefits is planned. According to the Ministry of Defense, the number of military retirees in Russia is 1.1 million. The average benefit of this category of people is about 20 thousand rubles.
Financing problems
Number of pensioners in Russia every yearincreasingly increasing. Consequently, the burden on citizens of working age is also constantly increasing. The acute shortage of budget funds leads to the fact that some experts offer such a radical solution as the abolition of pensions for people who continue to work. However, so far this project concerns only those persons whose income exceeds one million dollars. Another way out may be raising the disability age. To date, there are no restrictions on the payment of pensions to workers.
