The far north is the outskirts of the norththe territory of the former USSR, which is mainly located in the Arctic. Privileges are established for a number of remote areas, which are established for cooperative, state and public companies of this region.
Natural conditions of the Far North
The land area is about 2.2 million square kilometers.
Key Features:
- the radiation balance has low values;
- The average temperature in the summer months is close to 0 ° C (given that the average annual temperature is negative);
- permafrost and glaciers up to 500 meters thick are widespread;
- there is a small layer of seasonal thawing (no more than seventy centimeters).
The Extreme North of Russia includes the following zones:forest-tundra, tundra, part of the taiga and arctic deserts. Within land, with the exception of small rivers, there are mouth areas of fairly large rivers - the Ob, Pyasiny, Pechora, Yenisei, Lena, Khatanga, Indigirka, Anabary, Yana and Kolyma. Almost all of them in their lower reaches flow in wide valleys. Khatanga, Yenisei and Ob in the mouths form extensive bays - "lips". Rivers have a devastating effect on the state of permafrost. They push it away from the valley and gradually destroy it with their course. In addition, they have a mitigating effect on the climate of the surrounding areas. The results of exposure to river waters are detected in the seas at a distance of two to three hundred kilometers from the mouth, affecting the ice and hydrological regime of the seas. For nine or ten months a year, the rivers freeze, some - to the bottom. On the mainland, they melt in May-June, and freeze in October. On the islands in July - September.
Within the territories of the mainland tundra and onSome islands have a large number of lakes. Most of the year they are under the ice. The largest lake in the Far North - Taimyr. Located on the same peninsula. The Far North is characterized by developed arctic soils that have a near to neutral or slightly acid reaction. Recovery processes (or gleing) are absent. Tundra soils predominate in the tundra zone. The surface of the continent of the Far North forms the lowlands of the West Siberian and East European Plains: the Kolyma, Yana-Indigirka and North-Siberian lowlands. In some areas there are mountains. The highest and most significant of them are the northern part of the Verkhoyansk ridge, the Byrranga mountain near the Taimyr Lake and the mountains of the Chukotka Peninsula. Complexes of Paleozoic, Precambrian, and Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits, as well as the formation of a magmatic type of diverse composition, take part in the structure of the continent, islands, and the adjacent shelf.
Plants and animals of the Far North
Extreme North is diverseplant and animal world. However, most representatives belong to the inhabitants of the sea waters. The smaller forms are plankton that serve as food for larger organisms.
Растения Крайнего Севера:spruce, birch, alder, mountain ash, dwarf birch, willow; bilberry, cloudberry, lingonberry, blueberry, prince, shiksha; about 55 types of mushrooms; bathing suits, yellow buttercups, coltsfoot, dandelions, forget-me-nots, purple castile, gentian dark blue, cotton grass, cyanosis; more than a hundred species of lichen.
What animals inhabit the Far North?These are reindeer, wolf, hare, arctic fox, wolverine, elk, marten, brown bear, polecat, lemminki; geese, gulls, ducks, snipe, sandpiper, turuhan, loon, fifi, whooper, small swan, osprey, red-throated loon, white-tailed eagle, gray crane, goatfish, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, snipe, gyrfalcon; plankton, worms, crustaceans, mollusks, fish (the most common is the dairy), walruses.
