Classicism in the architecture of Russia appeared at the endXVIII and actively developed until the beginning of the XIX century. A new era of Russian architecture flourished. There were bright changes in the architectural appearance of the capitals, as well as some other cities. Next, we will consider what constitutes classicism in architecture. The report on this topic will be quite simple, using the materials of the article.
General information
Classicism is Europeancultural and aesthetic current. It was oriented to ancient art, in particular, the Roman and Greek. Also, the mythology of those periods influenced greatly the development of the direction. As for Russian literature, in it the age of classicism was relatively sloppy and short. The same can be said about music. However, numerous masterpieces of classicism in Russian architecture were left to descendants.
Nature of direction: description
Classicism in architecture (photos are presented below)differs calm and clear rhythm, poise and clarity. This is about the correctness of proportions. Symmetry was the main law of composition. Features of classicism in architecture consisted in the general harmony of parts and the whole. As for the front entrance to the building, it should have been located in the center and have the appearance of a portico. It implies a projecting forward part of the structure with a pediment and columns. In this case, the latter had to differ from the walls in color. As a rule, the columns had a white tint. The walls were yellow. These are the main features of classicism in architecture.
Building process: streamlining the city center
Classicism in the architecture of Russia began to manifest itselfvery smoothly. Arrangement of the center of the cultural capital was marked by the erection of the Admiralty building. This project was developed by Andrei Dmitrievich Zakharov. In a huge building, the architect decided to single out the central tower. A massive cubic base served as an impetus for creating a dynamic vertical continuation of it. All this construction goes into a smaller structure, which has a light colonnade. Then there is a rapid takeoff gilded needle with a boat. The tone of the entire architecture of the city on the Neva was set by the solemn-major rhythm of the Admiralty. The ship turned into its symbol.
Classicism in the architecture of St. Petersburg
In the middle of the 18th century this capital citydistinguished single ensembles. He was very similar to the old Moscow and drowned in the greenery of numerous estates. Later, the regular construction of its avenues began, which, like rays, were diverging from the Admiralty. What is remarkable about classicism in the architecture of St. Petersburg? This is, first of all, not individual buildings, but whole ensembles and avenues. Classicism in the architecture of St. Petersburg impresses with its harmony, unity and poise.
Erection of the Exchange
At the beginning of the XIX century classicism in architectureSt. Petersburg was beginning to acquire increasing importance. The exchange on the Spit of Vasilievsky Island had to play a key role. It had to unite the ensembles that formed around the widest section of the riverbed. Tom de Thomon, who was a French architect, was engaged in the design of the Exchange and the design of the arrow. AD Zakharov took part in the finalization of the project. All tasks were brilliantly solved thanks to the creative collaboration of architects. The system merged with the mirror of the Neva. As for the volume of the building itself, the Exchange is relatively small. However, it was confidently contrasted with the vast water surface. In many respects this was achieved thanks to rostral columns and features of the forms of the structure. The theme of domination over the mighty elements was perfectly developed. In particular, this refers to the monumental work, which was complemented by the ensemble.
Work on Nevsky Prospekt
It will be about the main highway of culturalcapital Cities. With the construction of the Kazan Cathedral, the avenue began to look like an integral architectural ensemble. The project was developed by Andrei Nikiforovich Voronikhin. By the way, his father was a serf. For the sample was taken the creation of Michelangelo. It is about the Cathedral of St. Petra (in Rome). Voronikhin used his motives. Thus, a unique architectural work was created. The square, located in front of the Kazan Cathedral, is surrounded on both sides by its colonnade. It became the focus of public urban life. Later, demonstrations and rallies were held here. In the cathedral the ashes of MI Kutuzov were transferred.
Saint Isaac's Cathedral
He was erected for forty years.This is the largest building that was built in the first half of the XIX century in Russia. Inside it, 13 thousand visitors can be present at a time. The project was designed by Auguste Montferrand. As for the decoration of the interior and appearance, KP Briullov and PK Klodt, an artist and sculptor, took part in it, respectively. It was conceived that the cathedral would personify the inviolability and power of the autocracy. This also applies to a close alliance with the Orthodox Church. The building of the cathedral is truly majestic. It makes an indelible impression. Nevertheless, it is impossible not to reproach the customers and authors of the project in a certain gigantomania. This indicated that the classicism in the architecture of Russia began to experience a crisis period.
Moscow building
First of all, it was not ensembles that characterized it, butseparate buildings. As for the creation of the first, it was very difficult to reproduce them on curved streets that were literally crammed with buildings of different eras. The fire that occurred in 1812, could not break their traditional difference. However, classicism in the architecture of Russia, even here, could bring bright colors. After the fire in Moscow, a lot of beautiful buildings were erected. It's about the Board of Trustees at Solyanka, Manezh, the Bolshoi Theater and so on. The monument to Minin and Pozharsky was erected on Red Square. The author of this work is Ivan Petrovich Marsov. The sculptor observed the traditions of classicism. For this reason, the heroes are clothed in antique clothes. Moscow classicism could not boast of the same grand monumentality as the Petersburg one. He had small mansions of manor type. We can say that Moscow Classicism is closer to the person, very naive and free. The Lopukhins' House is the best Moscow mansion in this style. This project was developed by the architect AG Grigoriev. He is a descendant of serfs.
Development of provincial cities
It was carried out in a similar way to Moscow.The province boasted a number of major masters. Baroque and classicism in the architecture of the buildings of Siberia were traced already from the beginning of the XIX century. These features were reflected everywhere. For example, in the Resurrection Cathedral of Tomsk or the Moscow gate of Irkutsk. Later classicism finally consolidated in Siberia. "The White House" is one of the best first works that was performed in this style. It was built by the merchants Sibiryakovs. Later he became a governor-general's residence. The Nikolsky Cossack Cathedral was erected in Omsk in accordance with the project of the famous architect. It's about Vasily Petrovich Stasov. The banner of Ermak was kept in this cathedral.
Crisis period
It began in the 30s of the XIX century.Contemporaries ceased to admire the oppressive monotony of buildings with columns. This was also mentioned by NV Gogol. At that time Petersburg was covered by the construction of apartment houses. For them, several entrances were required. However, according to the canons of classicism, it was possible to make only one main move, which should be located in the center of the structure. The lower floors of apartment houses have also undergone changes. They began to locate stores. Even here the norms of classicism could not be observed in any way. This was due to the presence of wide storefronts. Thus, under the onslaught of the realities of modernity, classicism was forced to withdraw.
New directions
Creative thoughts of architects began to be basedon the principles of "smart choice". They believed that the structure should be executed in a style that best suited its purpose. And yet the end result depended on the taste of the architect and the wishes of the customer. Manors landlords began to be built in the style of medieval Gothic. At the same time aristocratic mansions appeared in the cities, corresponding to all the canons of the new Baroque. Sometimes customers showered architects with non-standard requirements. Thus, the Venetian windows could have appeared at the apartment house. The period of mixing styles began.
Late famous buildings
The new Hermitage was built in St. Petersburg onThe project, designed by the German architect Leo Klenze. Powerful granite atlantes, guarding the entrance, decorative decoration (modern Greek style) and balance of parts - thanks to all this, an impressive image of the museum was created. Later, the Nikolaevsky Palace was erected. The motifs of the Italian Renaissance can be clearly seen in it. The development of this project belongs to the architect Andrei Ivanovich Stackenschneider. Internal views of the palace make a particularly strong impression. The dark railing of the railing emphasizes the run-up of the marches of the front staircase. The columns are distinguished by a special grace. It seems that the vaults are very easy to rely on them. It seems that the architecture is filled with inner movement. As for the space of the ladder, it moves up and into the depth.
Contribution of Konstantin Andreevich Ton
His creative goal was the revival of traditionsOld Russian architecture. According to the designs of Tona, five-domed churches were built with narrow arched windows. He used Byzantine and Russian decor. All these elements were combined with symmetry and strict proportions of classicism. With him, Tone did not manage to part. To many, this combined style seemed very artificial. However, in reality the matter was different. The main reason is the inadequate development of the Old Russian architectural heritage. Nicholas I appreciated the works of Ton. The architect was given several large orders for Moscow. The Great Kremlin Palace was built exactly under his leadership. Later, the laying of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was held. His erection stretched very long. It is worth noting that the temple itself was conceived as a memory of the country's escape from the Napoleonic invasion. In 1883 it was solemnly consecrated. Many talented Russian masters took part in the construction, among them:
- Stone stonemasons.
- Foundry.
- Engineers.
- Artists.
- Sculptors.
Also in the temple, marble plaques werewhich were immortalized the names of the wounded and killed officers. There is information about how many soldiers died in a particular battle. On these marble boards are immortalized and the names of people who donated their savings to achieve victory. As for the silhouette of Moscow, the hundred-meter-high bulk of the temple fits perfectly into it.
