Where do the winged expressions come from?
So what is a "winged expression"?What feature distinguishes them, distinguishes them from the totality of other phraseological units? The answer is short: a literary source. Even if the winged expressions were engendered as an utterance of outstanding personalities, written language still delivered them to us.
It's no secret that the level of culture of societyis determined, among other things, by a phenomenon such as cultural memory. It is this kind of civilizational continuity that can be explained by the fact that Latin winged expressions have reached us. The Romans were practitioners who preferred applied sciences. Their treatises on architecture, on agriculture, in contrast to modern business literature, are written in a more imaginative language containing phraseological units. It is thanks to the developed written language of a thousand-year civilization that the wise utterances of emperors, philosophers, generals reached us.
Ancient Roman civilization, which gave rise to actual phraseological units
Periodization of the development of literary creativityRome is characterized by its inception in the III century BC. e. and the phase of its highest flowering in the I century BC. E., decorated with outstanding names of poets and philosophers - Ovid, Cicero, Virgil, Horace.
The ancients were often witty andcreative thinking. In everyday life, obviously, Plutarch and Horace were not boring, and moreover, quite cheerful people. The literary images they created are colorful and original. What is worth only a titanic effort and as a result gave birth to a mouse mountain! The winged expressions of the Romans (the same mountain and mouse) were later mentioned with a humorous tinge by Russian poets and philosophers (for example, Trediakovsky).
Is the Latin language dead?
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, whichfalls on the 6th century AD. e., Latin, the language of interethnic communication of Ancient Rome, gradually becomes dead, i.e., it ceases to speak. However, right up to the end of the 17th century for the new European civilization, it remains an active written language: it is alive and relevant for selected educated people - scientists, priests, diplomats. It is these persons who not only know what cruise expressions are, but also use them in their treatises, brought to us the greatness of the ancient thought contained in them. For sure, dear readers, you yourself have often met in books, or in a Russian translation voiced the words, once spoken by proud Romans. We recall only some of them.
Latin Phraseologisms in Europe
The developed structure of the Latin language in its timebecame the basis for the further development of the languages of Italian, French, Portuguese. However, his imagery and phraseology served his modern application.
He is still the official languagethe specific Catholic state of the Vatican. In addition, Latin was and remains the language of European science. Winged expressions in Latin were also created in medieval Europe. Thomas Aquinas, Thomas More, Francois Villon (the list can be continued) were the continuation of the work of creating Latin phraseological units.
Latin idioms known in Russia
In this language of science, introducing the Romanidioms, Russian scientists worked, for example, M. V. Lomonosov, N. I. Pirogov. In particular, it is Mikhail Vasilyevich who belongs to the honor of continuing, but already in Russian, the tradition of Virgil, which he laid down in the poem “Monument”.
True, in the XIX century, as A. S. wrote.Pushkin in the novel "Eugene Onegin", becomes "Latin is not in vogue." And after the October Revolution, the Latin language, which until now was compulsory for studying in a comprehensive school (remember the chapter “Latin exam” from the “Youth” by L. Tolstoy) was withdrawn. However, at the present time - the era of mass culture - Latin winged expressions are again in favor. They are mentioned by writers, influential persons include them in the family arms. In addition, today many educated people use them in written language when it is necessary to emphasize a certain thought. Such creativity is justified: the conciseness of the Latin text, the depth of meaning and the ancient tradition laid down in it invariably make it attractive.
About Russian winged expressions
Recalling Russian winged expressions, we turn totheir reliable storehouse - golden Russian literature of the 19th century, which enriched world culture with the names of Pushkin, Lermontov, Griboyedov, Krylov, Belinsky, Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky. The creativity of these classics is their generous source. True connoisseurs of literature know by heart many of the popular expressions that fill satirical novels, fables, comedies, and stories.
Consider, for example, Krylov's fable, The Mirror and the Monkey. The popular expressions, as we see, are contained even in a small poetic work that a child can easily remember.
The vitality and depth of thought of the author distinguishesThe above lines are the fables "The Mirror and the Monkey." Undoubtedly, these popular expressions are quite modern today. Indeed, before assessing the behavior of another person, one should learn to adequately perceive one's weak and strong points.
It would be unfair when analyzing creativitythe golden age of literature, not to notice that the most generous literary sources of these aphoristic phrases, besides Krylov's fables, are works: Griboyedov - “Woe from Wit”, Fonvizin - “Nedorosl”, works by Kozma Prutkov.
At the beginning of the 20th century, V. Mayakovsky, the authors Ilf and Petrov, M. Bulgakov, succeeded in creating winged expressions. Imagine several popular expressions that came to us from Russian literature:
Characteristically, these phrases often occurBy the way, under various typical communicative circumstances, precisely when it is necessary to unobtrusively present a summary of what is happening. In a word, lovers of great Russian literature do not have to explain for a long time what is a popular expression.
Phraseology generated by the Bible
It would be unfair not to mention alsoa huge reservoir of stable phraseological structures of biblical origin, which occupy a significant niche in modern communication and worldview. They figuratively, metaphorically contribute to the formation of the highest moral and spiritual values of man. After all, even the current calendar dates back to “the birth of Christ.”
Christian idioms are not onlylot of believers. Since ancient times, the culture of Orthodox Russia has saturated them with everyday life. Even decades of planting of so-called scientific atheism did not prevent this. Probably, each of us, being educated, had not once heard from teachers the biblical expression that became winged: “To know how our Father” (that is, firmly, by heart). Agree that in everyday life many phraseological units of biblical origin are not rare. Examples of them can be: “lost sheep”, “stumbling block”, “kiss of Judas”.
Conclusion
Historians and linguists claim that authorshipThe term "popular expression" belongs to the ancient Greek Homer. It was mentioned practically in the modern sense by him in the Iliad and Odyssey. However, does this mean that this phenomenon did not arise in earlier civilizations?
However, exploring the nature of this kindidioms, we see that they are generated and generates a certain cultural environment. They enrich spiritually. The person using the catchwords actually appeals to the associative thinking of the interlocutors, to their cultural potential.
Perhaps, therefore, finishing the article, we can conclude that the frequency of use of winged expressions in everyday communication by a person indicates the level of his cultural development.
