Одна из самых трагических судеб была уготована Soviet power to such a great poet as O. Mandelstam. His biography was formed so largely due to the irreconcilable nature of Osip Emilievich. He could not tolerate untruth and did not want to bow down before the powers that be. Therefore, in those years, it was not possible for his fate to emerge, which Mandelstam himself realized. His biography, like the work of the great poet, teaches us a lot ...
The future poet was born in Warsaw on January 3, 1891.Childhood and youth spent in St. Petersburg Osip Mandelstam. His autobiography, unfortunately, was not written by him. However, his memories formed the basis of the book "The Noise of Time". It can be considered largely autobiographical. Note that the memories of Mandelstam about childhood and adolescence are strict and restrained - he avoided revealing himself, did not like to comment on both his poems and his life. Osip Emilevich was an early matured poet, or rather, a matured one. Severity and seriousness distinguish his artistic style.
We believe that we should consider in detailthe life and work of such a poet as Mandelstam. A brief biography in relation to this person is hardly appropriate. The personality of Osip Emilievich is very interesting, and his work deserves the most careful study. As time has shown, Mandelstam was one of the greatest Russian poets of the 20th century. The brief biography presented in school textbooks is clearly insufficient for a deep understanding of his life and work.
The origin of the future poet
Rather, in the gloomy tones is painted the little thatcan be found in the memories of Mandelstam about his childhood and the surrounding atmosphere. According to the poet, his family was "difficult and confused." In the word, in the speech it manifested itself with particular force. So, at least, Mandelstam himself considered. Peculiar was the speech "element" of the family. Note that the Jewish Mandelstam family was old. From the 8th century, from the time of the Jewish enlightenment, he presented the world with famous doctors, physicists, rabbis, literary historians and translators of the Bible.
Мандельштам Эмилий Вениаминович, отец Осипа, He was a merchant and self-taught. He was completely devoid of a sense of language. Mandelstam in his book "The Noise of Time" noted that he absolutely had no language, there was only "languageless" and "tongue-tied". Another was the speech of Flora Osipovna, the mother of the future poet and music teacher. Mandelstam noted that her vocabulary was "compressed" and "poor," the revolutions were monotonous, but it was clear and loud, "the great Russian language." It was from his mother that Osip inherited, along with musicality and a predisposition to heart disease, the accuracy of speech, a heightened sense of his native language.
Training at the Tenishev Commercial School
Мандельштам в период с 1900 по 1907 год обучался in Tenishevsky commercial school. It was considered one of the best among private educational institutions of our country. At one time V. Zhirmunsky, V. Nabokov studied there. The atmosphere that prevailed here was intellectual-ascetic. This institution cultivated ideals of civic duty and political freedom. In the 1905-1907th years of the first Russian revolution could not help but fall into political radicalism and Mandelstam. His biography is generally closely related to the events of the era. The catastrophe of the war with Japan and the revolutionary time inspired him to create the first verse-based experiments that can be considered student's. Mandelstam perceived what was happening as a vigorous universal metamorphosis, renewing the element.
Trips abroad
He graduated from college on May 15, 1907.After that, the poet attempted to join the militant organization of the Social Revolutionaries in Finland, however, due to his minority, he was not accepted there. Parents, concerned about the future of their son, hurried to send him away from harm to study abroad, where Mandelstam went three times. The first time he lived in Paris from October 1907 to the summer of 1908. Then the future poet went to Germany, where he studied Romanesque philology at the University of Heidelberg (from autumn 1909 to spring 1910). From July 21, 1910 to mid-October, he lived in Zehlendorf, a suburb of Berlin. Up to the latest works in Mandel'shtam's poems, an echo of his acquaintance with Western Europe sounds.
Meeting with A. Akhmatova and N. Gumilyov, the creation of Acmeism
Meeting with Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilyovidentified the formation of Osip Emilievich as a poet. Gumilyov in 1911 returned from the Abyssinian expedition to St. Petersburg. Soon, the three of them began to see each other often at literary evenings. Many years after the tragic event - the shooting of Gumilyov in 1921 - Osip Emilievich wrote to Akhmatova that only Nikolai Gumilyov managed to understand his poems, and that he is still talking to him, conducting dialogues. How Mandelstam referred to Akhmatova is indicated by his phrase: "I am a contemporary of Akhmatova." Only Osip Mandelstam (a photo of him with Anna Andreevna presented above) could publicly state such things during the Stalinist regime, when Akhmatova was a disgraced poetess.
All three (Mandelstam, Akhmatova and Gumilyov) becamecreators of Acmeism and the most prominent representatives of this new trend in literature. The biographers note that at first friction arose between them, because Mandelstam was quick-tempered, Gumilyov was despotic, and Akhmatova was capricious.
The first collection of poems
In 1913 he created his first collection of poemsMandelstam Biography and his work by this time were already marked by many important events, and even then life experience was more than enough. The poet published this collection at his own expense. At first he wanted to call his book "The Sink", but then he chose another name - "Stone", which was quite in the spirit of Acmeism. Its representatives wanted to re-open the world, to give everything a courageous and clear name, devoid of a hazy and elegiac veil, such as among the Symbolists. Stone is a solid and durable natural material, eternal in the hands of the master. In Osip Emilievich he is the primary building material of spiritual culture, and not only material.
Осип Мандельштам еще в 1911 году принял Christianity, making a "transition to European culture." And although he was baptized in the Methodist church (in Vyborg on May 14), the verses of his first collection captured his enthusiasm for the Catholic theme. Mandelstam captivated the pathos of the world organizing idea in Rome-Catholicism. Under the rule of Rome, the unity of the Christian world of the West is born from a chorus of nations that are not similar to each other. Also, the “stronghold” of the cathedral consists of stones, their “unkind gravity” and “elemental labyrinth”.
Attitude to the revolution
In the period from 1911 to 1917 in St. PetersburgUniversity, in the Romano-German department, studied Mandelstam. His biography at precisely this time was marked by the appearance of the first collection. His attitude to the revolution that began in 1917 was difficult. Scandal and failure ended any attempts by Osip Emilievich to find a place for himself in the new Russia.
Tristia Collection
Стихи периода революции и войны у Мандельштама make up a new compilation of tristia. This "book of sorrows" was published for the first time in 1922 without the participation of the author, and then, in 1923, was reissued under the title "Second Book" in Moscow. She is cemented by the theme of time, the flow of history, which is directed towards her death. Up to the last days this theme will be through in the works of the poet. This collection is marked by the new quality of the lyrical hero Mandelstam. For him, there is no longer a personal one, not involved in the general flow of time. The voice of the lyrical hero can be heard only as an echo of the hum of the era. What is happening in the big story is perceived by him as the collapse and construction of the "temple" of his own personality.
Collection Tristia reflected a significant change in the style of the poet. The figurative texture moves more and more towards the ciphered, "dark" meanings, semantic shift, irrational language moves.
Wandering in Russia
Осип Мандельштам в начале 1920-х гг.wandered mainly in the southern part of Russia. He visited Kiev, where he met his future wife N. Ya. Khazina (pictured above), spent some time at Voloshin in Koktebel, then went to Feodosia, where Wrangel's counterintelligence arrested him on suspicion of espionage. Then, after his release, he went to Osip Mandelstam in Batumi. His biography was marked by a new arrest — now from the coast guard of the Mensheviks. Osip Emilevich was released from prison by T. Tabidze and N. Mitsishvili, Georgian poets. In the end, extremely exhausted, he returned to Petrograd Osip Mandelstam. His biography continues with the fact that he lived for some time in the House of Arts, then went south again, and then settled in Moscow.
Однако к середине 1920-х годов не осталось и a trace of the former equilibrium of hopes and anxieties in understanding what is happening. The consequence of this is the changed poetics of Mandelstam. "Darkness" now increasingly outweighs the clarity in it. In 1925, a brief creative surge occurred, which was associated with the passion of Olga Vaksel. After this, the poet falls silent for a long 5 years.
For Mandelstam, the second half of the 1920s is a period of crisis. At this time, the poet was silent, did not publish new poems. Not a single work of Mandelstam appeared in 5 years.
Appeal to prose
В 1929 году Мандельштам решил обратиться к прозе.He wrote the book The Fourth Prose. In terms of volume, it is not large, however, Mandelstam’s disdain for the conjunctural writers who were members of MASSOLIT fully spilled there. For a long time in the soul of the poet accumulated this pain. In the Fourth Prose, Mandel'shtam's character was unsightly, explosive, impulsive. Osip Emilievich very easily made enemies, he did not conceal his opinions and assessments. Due to this, Mandelstam has always, almost all the post-revolutionary years, been forced to exist in extreme conditions. In anticipation of imminent death, he was in the 1930s. There were not very many admirers of Mandelstam’s talent and his friends, but they were nonetheless.
Life
Attitude to life largely reveals the imagea man like Osip Mandelstam. Biography, interesting facts about him, the work of the poet associated with his special attitude towards him. Osip Emilevich was not adapted to a sedentary life, to life. For him, the concept of a home-fortress, which was very important, for example, for M. Bulgakov, had no meaning. The whole world was home to him, and at the same time Mandelstam was homeless in this world.
Remembering Osip Emilievich of the early 1920sWhen he received a room in the Art House of Petrograd (like many other writers and poets), KI Chukovsky noted that there was nothing in it that belonged to Mandelstam, except for cigarettes. When the poet finally got an apartment (in 1933), B. Pasternak, who was visiting him, said leaving, that now you can write poetry - there is an apartment. Osip Emilevich was furious with this. O. E. Mandelstam, whose biography is marked by many episodes of irreconcilability, cursed his apartment and even offered to return it to those to whom it apparently was intended: to graphic artists, honest traitors. It was a horror from the awareness of the fee that was required for it.
Work in "Moskovsky Komsomol"
Are you interested in how the life path continued?a poet like mandelstam? The biography of dates smoothly approached the 1930s in his life and work. N. Bukharin, the patron of Osip Emilievich in power circles, arranged him at the turn of the 1920s and 30s to the newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets as a proofreader. This gave the poet and his wife at least minimal means of subsistence. But Mandelstam refused to accept the "rules of the game" of Soviet writers who served the regime. His extreme impetuosity and emotionality greatly complicated the relationship of Mandelstam with his colleagues in the workshop. He was in the center of the scandal - the poet was accused of translation plagiarism. In order to save Osip Emilievich from the consequences of this scandal, in 1930 Bukharin arranged for the poet a trip to Armenia, which made a big impression on him and was also reflected in his work. In the new verses, hopeless fear and the last courageous despair are already more clearly heard. If Mandelshtam in prose tried to escape from the thunderstorm hanging over him, now he has finally accepted his share.
Awareness of the tragedy of their own destiny
Awareness of the tragedy of their own fate, madeMandel'shtam was probably strengthened with their choice, they gave a stately, tragic pathos to his new works. It consists in the opposition of the personality of the free poet to the "century of the beast." Mandelstam does not feel like a pathetic victim, a worthless man in front of him. He feels equal to him. In the 1931 poem "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries", which was called "Wolf" in the home circle, Mandelstam predicted the upcoming link to Siberia, his own death, and poetic immortality. This poet understood much earlier than others.
The unfortunate poem about Stalin
Mandelstam Nadezhda Yakovlevna, the widow of OsipEmilevich, left about her husband two books of memoirs, which tells about the sacrificial feat of this poet. Mandelshtam's sincerity often bordered on suicide. For example, in November 1933 he wrote a sharply satirical poem about Stalin, which he read to many of his acquaintances, including B. Pasternak. Boris Leonidovich was alarmed by the fate of the poet and declared that his poem was not a literary fact, and nothing more than an "act of suicide", which he could not approve. Pasternak advised him not to read this work anymore. However, Mandelstam could not be silent. The biography, interesting facts from which we have just led, from this point on becomes truly tragic.
The sentence to Mandelstam, surprisingly,pronounced was soft enough. At that time, people died and for much less significant "faults." The Stalin resolution read only: "Isolate, but save." Mandelstam was sent into exile in the northern village of Cherdyn. Here Osip Emilievich, suffering from mental disorder, even wanted to commit suicide. Friends helped again. N. Bukharin, who had already lost his influence, last wrote to Comrade Stalin for the last time that poets are always right that history is on their side. After that, Osip Emilievich was transferred to Voronezh, in less severe conditions.
Конечно, его судьба была предрешена.However, in 1933, severely punishing him meant to advertise a poem about Stalin and thus seemed to settle personal scores with the poet. And this would, of course, be unworthy of Stalin, the "father of nations." Joseph Vissarionovich could wait. He understood that everything had its time. In this case, he expected the great terror of 1937, in which Mandelstam was destined to disappear along with hundreds of thousands of other people.
Years of life in Voronezh
Воронеж приютил Осипа Эмильевича, но приютил его hostile. However, Osip Emilievich Mandelstam did not stop fighting the despair that was steadily approaching him. The biography of his these years is marked by many difficulties. He had no means of subsistence, was avoided meeting him, his further fate was unclear. Mandel'shtam felt with his whole being that the "beast-century" was overtaking him. Akhmatova, who visited him in exile, testified that in his room, alternately "fear and muse are on duty." Poems were unstoppable, they demanded a way out. Memoirists testify that Mandelstam once rushed to the pay phone and began to read to the investigator, to which he was attached at the time, his new works. He said he had no one else to read. The poet's nerves were naked, in verse he was throwing out his pain.
Voronezh from 1935 to 1937 were created three"Voronezh notebooks". For a long time, the works of this cycle have not been published. They could not be called political, but even “neutral” verses were perceived as a challenge, since they were a poetry that was unstoppable and uncontrollable. And for the authorities it is no less dangerous, since, according to Brodsky, it “shakes the whole way of life,” and not just the political system.
Return to the capital
Ощущением близкой гибели проникнуты многие стихи of this period, as well as the whole works of Mandelstam of the 1930s. The term of the Voronezh exile expired in May 1937. Osip Emilievich spent another year in the vicinity of Moscow. He wanted permission to stay in the capital. However, the editors of magazines categorically refused not only to publish his poems, but also to talk with him. The poet was a beggar. Friends and acquaintances at this time helped him: B. Pasternak, V. Shklovsky, V. Kataev, I. Ehrenburg, although they themselves had a hard time. Anna Akhmatova wrote later about 1938 that it was an “apocalyptic” time.
Arrest, Link and Death
Нам осталось рассказать совсем немного о таком a poet like Osip Mandelstam. His brief biography was marked by a new arrest on May 2, 1938. He was sentenced to five years hard labor. The poet was sent to the Far East. He has not returned from there. On December 27, 1938 near Vladivostok, in the Second River camp, the poet overtook death.
We hope you wanted to continue exploringsuch a great poet like Mandelstam. Biography, photo, creative way - all this gives some idea of it. However, only by referring to the works of Mandelstam, you can understand this person, feel the power of his personality.
