Chemistry is an exciting science.Those who are interested not only in theory, but also try their skills in practice, know exactly what is at stake. With most elements from the periodic table, every schoolboy is familiar. But did everyone manage to try to mix the reagents and conduct chemical tests on their own? Even today, not all modern schools have the necessary equipment and reagents, because chemistry remains a science open for independent study. Many seek to know it deeper by conducting research at home.
No homemaker can do without nitrogenacid - extremely important in the economy of things. Get stuff is difficult: you can buy it only in a specialized store, where the purchase is carried out on documents confirming the peaceful use of the substance. Therefore, if you are a master craftsman, you probably will not be able to get this component. This raises the question of how to make nitric acid at home. The process does not seem to be complicated, however, at the output there should be a substance of a sufficient level of purity and necessary concentration. There is no way to do without the skills of an experimental chemist.
Where is the substance used?
The use of nitric acid is reasonable for safe use. The substance is used in such areas of human activity:
- creation of coloring pigments;
- the manifestation of photographic films;
- preparation of medicines;
- processing of plastic products;
- use in chemistry;
- fertilization of garden and garden crops;
- production of dynamite.
Pure nitric acid in unchanged form looks like a liquid substance, which, upon contact with air, starts to release white vapor. Its freezing occurs already at -42 aboutC, and boiling at +80 aboutC. How to withdraw such a substance as nitric acid, with your own hands at home?
Method 1
A smoking substance is produced byinfluence of sulfuric acid concentrate on sodium (potassium) nitrate (sodium (potassium) nitrate). As a result of the reaction, the desired substance and sodium hydrogen sulfate (potassium) are obtained. The reaction scheme looks like this: NaNO3+X2CO4=>HNO3+NaHSO4. Remember that the concentration of the substance obtained depends on the concentration of sulfuric acid before entering into the reaction.
Method 2
Получение азотной кислоты в домашних условиях с the lower concentration of the substance occurs in the same way, it is only necessary to replace the sodium nitrate with ammonium nitrate. The chemical equation looks like this: NN4BUT3+X2CO4=> (NN4)2CO4+HNO3. Note that ammonium nitrate is more accessible than potassium or sodium nitrate, because most researchers conduct a reaction based on it.
The higher the concentration of H2CO4, the more concentrated will be the nitrogenacid. To obtain a balanced substance, it is required to increase the volume of electrolyte required for the reaction. In order to achieve the desired result, in practice, the evaporation method is used, which consists in gradually decreasing the volume of the electrolyte approximately 4 times from the initial one.
Features of the evaporation method
Sifted sand is poured onto the bottom of the crockery and pouredreservoir with electrolyte. At the same time, the boiling process is regulated by the gas-plate valve, giving or reducing the fire. The process is time-consuming, so patience is important in this matter. Experts recommend using kipels - glass or ceramic tubes, designed for chemical experiments, including evaporation. They neutralize the formation of bubbles and reduce the strength of the boiling, preventing splashing of the substance. In such conditions it is permissible to obtain nitric acid at home with a concentration of about 93%.
Tools and reagents for practical preparation of the substance
To carry out the reaction, you will need:
- concentrated H2CO4 (> 95%) - 50 ml;
- ammonium nitrate, potassium, sodium;
- 100 ml of the container;
- 1000 ml of the container;
- glass funnel;
- rubber bands;
- water bath;
- crushed ice (can be replaced by snow or cold water);
- thermometer.
The production of nitric acid at home, like any other chemical reaction, requires precautions:
- In the process of obtaining nitric acid at home, it is necessary to maintain the temperature within the range of 60-70 aboutC. If you exceed these limits, the acid will begin to disintegrate.
- During the reaction, pairsand gases, therefore, when working with acids, always use a protective mask. Hands should be protected from sudden ingress of the substance onto the skin, because chemists work in rubber gloves. In large chemical industries, where a person comes into contact with hazardous substances, workers generally work in special protective suits.
Now you know how to get nitric acid in the process of a simple reaction. Be careful with the use of such a substance and use it only for peaceful purposes.
