Sometimes it happens that people start badsee, that is, the sight disappears. And no matter how desirable, but sooner or later you have to wear glasses. Everyone knows that glasses are one of the most common devices, which is designed to improve or correct a person’s vision, and they also protect eyes from harmful effects. Points are used by people whose eyesight deviates from the norm, and this does not depend on the type of deviation.
Composition points
As a rule, all types of glasses consist of the following:
- Lenses.
- Frames.
- "Bridge" rim.
- Temples or bows.
- Nose stop.
- Hinge or lock.
Monocle - these are glasses for the correction of one eye.
There are cases when one eye does not see well, andIt is necessary to adjust, for this purpose, an optical device was developed. This optical device became a luxury item as far back as the 19th century, only rich people could afford it. At present, rarely anyone will meet with such a device. "What is this optical device?" - you ask. The answer is simple: this device is called a monocle.
Monocle is one of the types of glasses forcorrection or improvement of vision. A part of it is a lens, most often with a rim and with an attached chain so that you can fasten it on your clothes. Also, the chain was necessary in order not to lose the glasses-monocle. The monocle itself is small in size, fits perfectly into the eye socket. In general, one eye can not keep glasses, so you just wonder or raise an eyebrow - as they fall out of the hollow.
Appearance of a monocle
The monocle appeared in the 19th century, originally thisThe optical device looked like a lens with a pen. Most often it was used in order to be able to read the text, it was held directly in front of the text itself or before the eyes. Soon the pen lost its function because it became common to clamp the monocle with the muscles of the face.
Monocle history
Monocle is a symbol of retrograde, leavingcolorful imprint not only in literature, but also in the visual arts. The first supporter of the new fashion - the famous writer Emile de Girardin. Prince de Sagan introduced a lorgnette in a turtle-rimmed frame with a wide moire ribbon, and Prince de Bofremont put on his monocle on the field of his hat. Journalist and writer from France Orellin Scholl wore a monocle without rim. But the famous George Sand used the device in order to be able to see unfamiliar men, this led them to bewilderment and delight, because such behavior was beyond the bounds of decency. The monocle was also used by the poets Jean Morreas and Jean Lorrain, the writer Joris-Karl Huysmans. Although the latter is most preferred to pince-nez, but still there are photos where he is depicted with a monocle.
In the early 20th century, English became famous.Minister Neville Chamberlain, he became famous for his monocle. However, many believed that they did not go to him, but he still continued to wear them. At present, the model is “used” by the fictional character Eustace Tilly, he is a real dandy and the mascot of the famous magazine The New Yorker. The first time Tilly appeared on the cover of this magazine in 1925. During this period, the owners of the monocle have already been ridiculed, but, as you can see, this does not prevent the fictional hero from living until now.
Monocle in Russia
In Russia, the monocle began to wear representativesa variety of literary movements. Baron Nikolai Frangel regularly wore the device and did not take off. After the end of the revolution, the monocle began to be called a sign of the old regime and bourgeois. Even artists began to wear it; people who were depicted on posters were also with an inserted lens.
A monocle is an optical device that has becomepopular at the same time with pince-nez. These two types of glasses were popular before the First World War. They were massively worn on the face, most often men. The monocle had great popularity among the Guards officers, especially German ones. The device gained maximum popularity in Germany and the Russian Empire. When the war began, in Russia the monocle ceased to be popular.
The last lover of such a device is consideredMikhail Bulgakov. It is considered that the monocle is a shocking bourgeois symbol for Bulgakov. Mikhail Afanasyevich bought it after receiving his first fee. Immediately after the acquisition, he was photographed with him. After that, he gave this photo to all his friends and acquaintances. Also, the monocle is associated with one of the best symbols of life in Europe in the late 19th - early 20th century.
Design
A monocle is a single optical lens thatplaced in a thin frame with an accompanying cord or chain. Lace hung on the lapel or on the button of his jacket. The lens-monocle was well attached to the rim, and she could not fall out of it.
Ways to wear
If the monocle was not used, it was worn invest pocket. If it was used, it was inserted into the eye socket and clamped between the eyebrow and cheek. Historians point out that because of muscular effort, the face became special. This face has become the image of an aristocratic man. The monocle carriers invented some kind of acrobatics, they inserted the device into the eye socket and quickly dumped it. It was a kind of entertainment among connoisseurs of a monocle.
Pince-nez
Pincent and Chekhov
Many people think that pince-nez is an integral partimage of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, but he appeared in the most recent years. His writer began wearing it in 1897. After a serious illness of Chekhov, many doctors examined him. The oculist was found astigmatism, plus he had a difference in the diopter of one and a half units, so the lenses were chosen for a long time. Anton Pavlovich's brother wore pince-nez all his life, so the writer often tried on it. It turns out that Chekhov saw his vision problems, but for some reason he was in no hurry to get rid of them. One day, I still had to go to the doctor, he hardly picked up the lenses, but from that moment on Anton Chekhov began to wear pince-nez. Now Chekhov's pince-nez can be seen in his museums, it is kept there until today.
Photographer and monocle
At present, many use monoclephotographers, because this is a simple lens that consists of a single positive lens. There is a classic look that William Wallaston suggested as early as the early 19th century for using the obsura camera. This lens looks like a concave and convex meniscus, which turns inward outward towards the object. With this lens, you can change astigmatism and make less field curvature in the image. This is due to the negative astigmatism of the front surface.
Monocle as a lens has a low luminosity andsmall field of view. A photo that was taken using such a lens is usually low-contrast with low sharpness that decreases towards the edge. Although sharpness can be increased. In the modern world, a creative, soft-focusing lens is used, which is used most often for portraits, landscape shots, and still lifes. Modern photographers love to use monocle for their photos. After all, thanks to him, you can make very beautiful pictures that will only please the eye.
