Throughout the entire more than a century of aviation history"Flying desks" were cars belonging to obsolete types. It was believed that the future pilot must learn management skills first on something simple, before landing in the cockpit of a modern aircraft. This tradition was violated by designers OKB im. AS Yakovlev and NPK Irkut, who created the Yak-130 aircraft, the technical characteristics of which are closely approximated to the parameters of the interceptors of the fourth, and even of the fifth generation.
«Winged desks»
For four decades flying schools have been usingfor air trainings Czechoslovakian L-29 and L-39. Previously, future pilots were trained in the Yak-52, even earlier - at the Yak-18. Before the war, the "famous flying U-boat" was the famous U-2 (it was Po-2). After the collapse of the USSR and the entire socialist camp, the cars that made up the technical fleet of the higher aviation schools grew old, not only morally, but in the simplest, physical sense. The deliveries not only of the aircraft themselves, but also spare parts were stopped, and the motor resource was exhausted. The situation was aggravated by the backlog of the technical training base from the real situation in the Air Force units, which began to receive the newest interceptors and front-line complexes MiG-29 and Su-27. At L-39, preparing pilots for modern cars became problematic, if not impossible. In addition, there was a flight training school in Russia, which enjoyed a high international reputation, and it would be wrong to lose this market.
In the early 90's, the command of the Air Forceforces of the USSR initiated the beginning of design work in the field of creation of the newest training aircraft. Ultimately, the Yak-130 was recognized as the best: the technical characteristics of it were the most consistent with the wishes of the military. There was, however, not immediately, there was a competition ahead.
Competitive selection
Their views on the architecture of the future UTK (training and training complex) presented in early 1991 four KB:
- Sukhoi Design Bureau.
- ANPK "MiG".
- OKB them. A. S. Yakovlev.
- EMZ them. VM Myasishchev.
The TTZ was compiled somewhat vaguely, andThis is why the concepts differed significantly. "Sukhoi Design Bureau" proposed the C-54 model, which is a version of the Su-27 interceptor, adapted for training purposes. This machine was more suitable for training already experienced pilots, than for beginners. Mikoyanovites, understanding the economic difficulties in the country, went on the path of minimizing costs, and as a result they obtained an inexpensive aircraft that did not fully meet the aspirations of the Air Force. In the Myasishchev Design Bureau, they approached the issue creatively, suggesting a complex variant consisting of the "winged desk" and the ground-based training complex, but they got carried away a little, and their project turned out to be too expensive, besides not a twin-engine, as it was stated in the TOR. The most successful were the Yakovlevs, who managed to meet almost all the requirements most optimally. An arrow-shaped, flight-technical characteristics of the Yak-130, which is the closest to the current one, and a combination of additional options in the form of functional and procedural simulators based on PC and display classes have provided certain advantages. According to the decision of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Air Force, agreements were concluded with two design bureaus - Mikoyan and Yakovlev, who were offered to work together.
Foreign Partners
Problems with state financing of the first yearsexistence of independent Russia are well known. KBs to ensure the solution of the set tasks were put before the need to search for investors. In particular, French firms Turbomeka (engines) and Thomson (avionics), which are experiencing difficulties in connection with the closure of the Alpha Jet program, showed interest in the project. The Italians (the aircraft manufacturer Ermakki) expressed intention for cooperation, also pressed by the British in the market. At that moment another important marketing aspect was realized that the "clean" training aircraft was unlikely to be in high demand in the market, but if it can be used as a combat one, then another matter. It turned out that for this purpose the Yak-130 is quite suitable, its tactical and technical characteristics, including operational radius, weight of the lifted load, speed and maneuverability, corresponded to foreign requirements.
Aerodynamics and general layout
Some changes in requirements have affectedthe external appearance of the glider: its nose became more rounded (now it has a radar or an optical-location station). It was necessary to train now not only Russian, but also foreign pilots, and this should be taken into account in the design of the Yak-130. The technical characteristics of the newest machines, both Russian Su-27 and MiG-29, and American F-16s, were carefully analyzed. It turned out that the plane needed to increase the maximum angle of attack to 40 ° and even higher. In general, we needed super-maneuverability. The overall aerodynamics turned out to be similar to the scheme adopted for the fifth generation of interceptors, including a special wing shape and its high mechanization, all-turn stabilizers and vertically displaced vertical tail.
Simulator and Demonstrator
The most important condition for the creation of a newThe aircraft was the application of the achievements of the latest digital technologies. The basis of all on-board systems was Russian equipment and equipment, including a complex digital electrical distance control system and the ability to reprogram to determine the type of aircraft that the pilot is to pilot. In addition, in the initial period of training the aircraft is "loyal" to the novice cadet, he forgives him mistakes, and then becomes more strict. In the Russian Air Force, flights to Su and MiG are most often modeled, but in principle, there is nothing complicated in creating a complete illusion of control of the European Mirage 2000, Rafal, Typhoon or American F-18, F- 16 and F-15 and even F-35, introducing their tactical and technical characteristics into the program of the simulator. Yak-130D (additional letter means "demonstrator") made its first flight in April 1996.
Exterior Suspension
If necessary, the aircraft can be used as a strike unit.
Up to three tons of rockets or bombs can carry the Yak-130.Technical characteristics, including climb rate and maneuverability, of a fully loaded vehicle will, of course, worsen, but this is permissible in the case of assault strikes in air domination conditions.
Following the general concept of universalityThe designers equipped the aircraft with eight suspension nodes under the wings and one ventral pylon. Armaments can be completed in various combinations:
- UR R-73 "air-to-air" - 4 pcs.
- УР Х-25М "air-surface" - 4 pcs.
- NURS in blocks UB-32, PU-O-25 and other calibers (from 57 to 266 mm) - according to the number of pendants.
- Air bombs 250 or 500 kg (including concrete-piercing) - according to mass restrictions.
- RBC-500 bombed bombs.
- Incendiary tanks ZB-500.
- Containers cannon.
To increase the combat radius, one or three pylons can be used to suspend additional fuel tanks.
Characteristics
The objective indicators are impressive, especially considering the relatively small size and mass of the Yak-130.
Flight-technical characteristics of the Yak-130:
- length - 11,245 mm;
- the wing span is 9,720 mm;
- height - 4 760 mm;
- maximum take-off weight - up to 9 tons;
- combat load - 3 tons;
- the maximum speed is 1050 km / h;
- practical ceiling - 12 000 m;
- permissible overloads from +8 G to -3 G;
- the allowable angle of attack is 40 degrees;
- range without PTB - up to 1060 km;
- the range is non-PTB - up to 2000 km;
- length of take-off - 335 m;
- the takeoff speed is 195 km / h;
- speed landing - 180 km / h;
- a motor resource - 10 thousand flight hours or 30 calendar years.
Government order
В конце тысячелетия выпуск военных летчиков significantly reduced compared with Soviet times. However, in addition to the schools, which are only three, the need for a new car is being experienced by pilots retraining centers. In addition, the price of fuel in the last decade has increased significantly, and the modern Yak-130 is advantageous for its fuel consumption (only 600 l / h) from the usual L-39. Description, tactical and technical characteristics, the possibilities of training in piloting on machines of different types - all this caused the beginning of the serial production of the new UTI.
Prospects
The main customer is the Russian Air Force.The aircraft is produced at NAZ "Sokol" at a rate of about a dozen cars per year. The formation of training regiments in Krasnodar is planned. Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, Army General V. Mikhailov personally experienced the Yak-130. The aircraft's technical characteristics, maneuverability, wide range of speeds and ease of operation made a good impression on him. In the coming years, the number of cars in training units and retraining centers is planned to increase to three hundred, and the total capacity of the market, including foreign buyers, experts estimate 1000.
