Harvesting machines form the basis of the roadtechnical support of public services. The fleet of such organizations necessarily includes models for working with domestic garbage, sediments and other types of pollution. The machines differ in operating technical parameters, operational capabilities and degree of autonomy in terms of further handling of the collected material. The basis of this segment is the sweeping-harvesting machines, which include trailed, vacuum and other machinery.
Main characteristics of harvesting machines
Domestic cars serving the communalThe economy, as a rule, is based on the platforms of the KAMAZ, MAZ and ZIL chassis. However, the active dissemination of foreign models often takes this aspect of choice to the background. More important are the parameters of the working bodies of harvesting machinery, which directly affect the efficiency of the process. In the classical version, such machines are supplied with water tanks, bunkers for waste estimates and brushes. Water tanks can have a volume of 1000-2000 liters, depending on the capacity of the same chassis and the requirements for working operations. As for garbage bins, the combined harvesters are equipped with capacities of 6-8 m3. At the same time, not every sweeping techniquein principle, it is possible to install such units. Brush functional organs are represented in different modifications and configurations. A typical scheme of equipment involves the use of rear brushes, the length of which is about 2 m. The width can vary from 0.5 to 1 m.
Trailed harvesters
This class represents a non-self-propelledA towed vehicle with one or two wheel axles and working in conjunction with a dump truck. As part of these harvesters also provides for an individual power plant, which can be represented by a gasoline or diesel engine. The tow hitch is fixed to the hitch points of the main vehicle. Also, harvesting machines of this type provide for the presence of a special tape that provides a waste budget for the dumper container, as well as a brush system. Some versions of trailed equipment have greater autonomy, having in their composition bunker installations, which, however, also are aggregated with the leading machine. The drawbacks of trailers are their massiveness, wide turning angle and high fuel consumption. Especially in connection with a tractor or a dump truck, the operation of such equipment is quite expensive. On the other hand, the high efficiency of the harvesting process is ensured.
Sweeping technology
This is the most popular kind of harvestingmunicipal vehicles designed for work on roads. In basic complete sets such machines are supplied with a tank with water, a bunker for rubbish and a system of brushes. A container with water can be of the order of 1 m3, and a trash can has a capacity of up to 2 m3 Are the indicators of typical modifications.As for brushes, the maximum length of this body is about 3 m. Interesting developments recently are offered by the plant of municipal equipment "Elevatormelmash". In particular, harvesters of the Magistral series were widely used. For one shift, such models are capable of serving up to 52 km of a street road. Such high performance is due to the use of a powerful diesel engine, the power potential of which is about 60 kW.
Vacuum Cleaners
In addition to brushing and sprinkling machinesmanufacturers produce vacuum models for harvesting road machinery. The need for such modifications is due to the fact that traditional sweeping units perform garbage collection, but do not save the streets and areas from dust. Moreover, they spread dust around the surrounding area, which aggravates the ecological situation. Not coping with this problem and irrigation technology, which, although it removes dust from the roads, but at the same time clogs the mud with sewage. In turn, the vacuum-harvesting machine absorbs dust, without hammering it with communications. The principle of operation of such models resembles a construction vacuum cleaner, only higher power. The working bodies collect dust with rubbish in the same bunker and deliver it to the disposal points. The air flow rate during the suction process is on the average 6000-9000 m3/ h.
Snow-removing machine
Snow removal equipment is presented separatelycategory of seasonal machines. At once it is important to divide this segment into two types: full-fledged vehicles and equipment with one axle that does not belong to self-propelled machinery. Despite the advantages of machines provided with snow bins, in most cases their functionality and high productivity are superfluous. In addition, the massive and low maneuverability of such machines do not allow them to be used in crowded streets, especially during periods of heavy rainfall. Therefore, as an alternative, a two-wheel snow-removing machine can be considered, the basis of which consists of blades, screw mechanisms and an ejection device. The width of the snowplow varies from 30 to 80 cm, and the emission range is of the order of 1-1.5 m. Such models should also be used when cleaning small areas near entrances and sidewalks.
Universal cleaning machine
This is the most complex transport equipment inwhich provides a wide range of functional equipment. Among the basic tasks that such machines perform, one can distinguish sweeping, watering and garbage collection. In this case, each of the listed functions is performed not as an optional or ancillary, but in a full-fledged format. For example, for sweeping in one model several brushes can be used at once, among them rear and front aggregates. In addition, sweeping machines of universal type can be supplied with both standard garbage and snow brushes. The watering equipment is represented by pump units and means for performing the cleaning, which allows for a combined cleaning. Also, depending on the modification, a universal technique can be provided with front and middle dumps with toothed knives and sand spreaders.
Waste trucks
Not every technique that carries outdirect garbage collection, also performs its collection. But even if the same sweepers are equipped with bunkers for estimates, they are not able to export large volumes of collected material. For this task, specially equipped garbage trucks are designed. This technique is based on trucks, which are supplemented by capacious bins for loading, subsequent compaction and transportation of garbage. Depending on the model, harvesting machines of this type can accommodate up to 3.5 tons of waste. According to the dimensions, the acceptance possibilities vary from 20 to 50 m3. In this case, the loading itself can be carried out either manually or with the help of special mechanisms - from the rear of the machine or from the side.
Conclusion
Maintenance and maintenance of harvesting machines requiresconsiderable investments. Even low-power representatives of this category have a fairly high fuel consumption, a large part of which is spent on performing work operations. For example, the cleaning machine-vacuum cleaner has the most demanding in terms of energy consumption power base, the power of which can reach 200 liters. from. But this indicator also applies only to providing the chassis and operation of the basic structure. Separately for the maintenance of special equipment a self-contained motor is used, the power potential of which on the average is 100 liters. from. Nevertheless, such high capacities justify the use of machines in practice. Vacuum installation in combination with watering and sweeping equipment for a short period of time can save a multi-kilometer street from dirt, dust and urban debris.
