According to the Criminal Code, forgery of documents meansproduction of false documentation due to falsification of documents (selection or production of components: blank, information carrier, signatures, text, stamps, seals). This concept includes the falsification of their individual elements (illegal change of some parts of the original documentation). Forgery of documents, the responsibility for which is provided for in the criminal code is an independent crime or a method of committing another crime.
With full falsification of forged documentsare made according to certain samples, in which quality authentic specimens serve. In the course of manufacturing, they acquire distinctive features (differences from the original), which make it possible to recognize a counterfeit. Partial forgery of documents can be made by:
- forgery of impressions of stamps and seals, signatures;
- replacement of part of the document (pages, photographs), corrections, pre-presses, additions, chemical etching of the text;
- cleaning, these signs can be recognized by forensic tools.
In the specialized literature, a fakedocuments and its features are described as follows. When erasing, you use the mechanical removal of text (mostly strokes, numbers, individual letters) by scraping with sharp objects (knife, razor blade) or erasing with an elastic band. In this case, the surface layer of paper is broken, and its part is deleted simultaneously with the cleared text. The signs of erasure include: the remnants of the dyes of the strokes of the text, the blurring of ink on the new text, which is applied to the cleared space, the disruption of the background grid, the reduction in the thickness of the paper, the change in the surface, and the dishevelment of the fibers on the surface layer.
Обнаружение признаков подчистки осуществляется в the process of investigating documentation in ordinary scattered, transmitted, oblique lighting, in ultraviolet and infrared rays, using a microscope and loops with different multiplicities.
Forgery of documents химическим травлением осуществляется смывом или discoloration of the text with chemical reagents (alkali, acid). At the same time, chemical substances affect not only the text to be destroyed, but also the constituent parts of the document (background grid, paper). The signs of chemical etching include changing the shade of paper and the background grid, the blurring of the ink strokes, the fragility, the fragility of the paper. There are signs of chemical etching using magnifying optical devices, oblique light, and light filters.
A pre-press or hand-written supplement is carried out withthe purpose of changing the data contained in the document. They are usually small in volume, but can significantly change the original data. The main signs of the supplement: differences in particular and general signs of underlining (forgery of documents with signs of stops in the written letters, slowness of movements, overclocking, size of letters). Signs of typing on typewriters: discrepancies in the shade of the dye, differences in the pattern and size of the printed characters.
Correction, preprint, text completionis detected under magnifying optical devices, using infrared and ultraviolet rays, light filters, by studying the chemical compositions of dyes.
