Onomatopoeic words and interjections playa special role in the Russian language. Without them, we could hardly express our feelings. The morphological properties of these parts of speech, their discharges, grammatical features, and also their other functions will be studied in more detail in this article.
Interjections
This part of the speech, according to the school curriculum,study in the sixth or seventh grade. Although stack with her much more often. Even in childhood, when a child does not know how to talk, it is they who are the first to hear it. Interjections in our language are usually called a special group of speech, which helps express emotions and feelings. Linguists refer them to a special category. From the point of view of morphology, they are part of speech. However, they stand apart from independent and official words. In terms of functionality they do not carry any meaning. That is, these words do not have meaning, only indirect. Then they can not be called independent.
As for the office, which helpsto connect words in the sentence and the text, then they did not give the interjections their functions. These words do not "serve" anyone and do not mean anything. What is it then? These are the most common emotions when we do not have enough words to express them more clearly. Say: "Ah!", And everyone will understand that something surprised us. We will hear: "Shh!", And immediately silent, because this word denotes the termination of conversations or any actions. Sentences with interjections are more emotional and much deeper convey what words can not always say.
Compare: "Oh, it hurts!" And "It hurts me."Both of these sentences convey the same meaning. However, the first one conveys the momentary sensation of a person, the second may mean a prolonged sense of pain. It will be enough just to gasp, and those who are near us will understand us.
Origin
The terms "Onomatopoeic words" and"Interjection" appeared a very long time, as early as the beginning of the seventeenth century. Linguist Smotrytsky introduced them in the 1619th year. Then he called them "intermixture," that is, said between words. In fact, they are.
Some were formed, as they say, spontaneously,from our cries. For example, such as "A", "O", "Fu", "Ah", do not have a particular history of origin. This is our involuntary reaction to an irritant.
Everybody knows the word "Bayu-bai" takes its roots from the ancient Russian word to say (bayat). Thus, putting the baby, the parents as if sentenced that he fell asleep.
The familiar word "allo", which we say,responding to the call, came to us from England. Its direct meaning is hello, which translates to "Hello." Picking up the phone, we let know that we hear the interlocutor, while welcoming him.
Modern slang every year creates everythingnew onomatopoeic words and interjections. Forms of "Oops", "Cool", "Blah-blah" appeared. All of them are related to our familiar "Ah", "Wow", "Yes-Yes."
That is, over time, some interjections disappear, and others are replaced, more relevant to date.
Word formation
Like any part of speech, interjections have their own special ways of education. Distinguish the following:
- With the help of affixes. From the word "A" formed a more affectionate "Ainka".
- Transition from one part to another: “Batyushki! "(From im. Sen.)," Stunned! "(From the verb)," Cool! "(From the adverb).
- Concatenation: "Here you are and on," "And do not say."
- Addition: "Kiss-kis".
The variety of ways of word formation proves that this part of speech is not so simple as it seems at first glance.
Structure
Classify several types of interjections, depending on how many parts they consist of. The first group is simple. In their structure there is only one word and one root. Examples: "Oh," "Alas," "Eh."
The next kind is called complex. This name they received because they are composed of several roots. For example: "ah-ah-ah," "yes-da-da", "father-light," "oh-go."
The last group in structure consists of compositeinterjections. They are formed from a few simple words: "alas and ah," "here's to you and again." As a rule, this group comes from the names of nouns, to which interjections are added.
Kinds
It is accepted to subdivide them into several types.
- Incentive. They, replacing the full-valued words, signal that it's time to act: "Come faster!", "Hey, tell me how to get here!", "Shh, speak quietly - the child is asleep."
- Emotional. Such words involuntarily break out of the person when he is surprised or frightened: "Oh, how nice it is!" "Oh, what a powerful thunderstorm!".
- Etiquette.Not everyone knows that the familiar words "Hello", "Goodbye", "Thank you" refer to the class of interjections. They do not have independent significance, transferring only our polite intonation. For example: "Please, let me go for a walk, Thank you very much for your help! Hello, friends!"
Without the words of this group, hardly an educated person can imagine his life. They help not only to decorate our speech, but also give it a certain charm.
Punctuation
How does this part of speech stand apart in writing? Intermediate sentences usually have a comma.
For example: “Eh, how quickly the vacation flew by!»After the emotional word, a comma is placed because it stands at the beginning of the sentence. Similar examples: "Wow, how many of you are here!", "Ugh, how ugly of you is."
A special place is occupied by the interjection "o". When used together with other words, it is not separated by commas: “O air, how clean you are!”, “Oh no, I have to refuse in this matter”.
In the sentence “Well, how to decide and call ?!"The word" well "is not isolated, since it has a gain value. In the case when it indicates the duration of the action, it must be a comma: "Well, I do not know how long it will continue."
The “what” interjection, which is used as the highest degree of something, is not isolated: “What a wonderful evening!”, “What a slut you are!”.
Onomatopoeic words and their difference from interjections
A special category are words thatimitate any sounds. They, unlike interjections, do not carry any emotionality in themselves. Their main function is to transmit a similar sound. For example, the ticking of a clock is conveyed in writing by the word "Tick-Tac". When we hear the beetle flying past, we will reproduce its flight as “Zhzhzh.” And there are lots of such examples.
In addition, this part of speech is actively involved in the formation of various words: woof - to bark, oink - to grunt, hee-hee - to giggle.
Their most important difference from interjections is different.role in the language. At first glance, they are very similar. However, confused and not worth it, because onomatopoeic words do not convey the feelings and emotions of a person. They just repeat the sound.
Ranks
Onomatopoeic words in Russian are divided into several subspecies:
- Voices of animals (including birds): crow (cock), meow (kitten), woo (owl), wee-wee (mouse).
- Natural sounds: bang (thunder), boom (something fell), pshsh (hissing of water).
- Imitation of musical instruments: ding-dong (ringing the bell), tren (playing the guitar).
- Sounds made by people: crunch (there is a carrot), top-top (someone is walking), tsok (on heels).
These are the most common discharges of this part of speech. Onomatopoeic words and interjections constitute a special group in the Russian language, not referring to either independent or service ones.
Syntactic role
It is very curious that in rare cases suchlittle buzzwords can be different members of a sentence. Interjections and onomatopoeic words, examples of which were repeatedly cited above, are:
- Definitions For example: "Ay, yes, holiday!" In this case, the interrogation "Ay yes" answers the question "What?", Replacing the word "Wonderful."
- Addition: And suddenly in the distance we heard a quiet "Ay!".
- Predictable: And the door suddenly - "Clap!"
- Subject: And then came the loud "Hooray."
The role of interjections and onomatopoeic words in speech
Без этих, казалось бы, простейших словечек наш language would be very impoverished. After all, most of them are educated impulsively, regardless of our desire. Call for help, cry out with fear, be surprised by the act - all these are interjections, onomatopoeic words. Punctuation marks at first we reviewed earlier. But the sounds made by someone or something, does not stand out in a letter. If necessary, only quotes are put in sentences where there is direct speech.
Speech using this category becomes muchmore emotional. It is hard to keep joy when something happened that we have been waiting for a long time. For example: “Wow! Finally, it happened! ”. Or, in a difficult moment, when a person involuntarily sighs: “Eh, nothing good happened.”
But how to convey the sounds that are issuedanimals? Only with the help of special words. Without them, it is almost impossible to do. Such words try to convey similar sounds, such as the mooing of a cow or the grunting of a pig.
Exercises
In order to consolidate the material, the guys perform special tasks, repeating onomatopoeic words. Exercises on them and on interjections are usually simple.
- For example, it is necessary to determine the discharge of a certain group: “Ah!”, “Oops!”, “Batyushki!”. By all indications, these are emotional interjections, simple in structure.
- Find onomatopoeic words in sentences.
“Slap-slap” was heard outside the window. "Chick-tweet" - so sparrows attract attention. Approaching the platform, the train sang: "Tu-Tu."
- Determine what sounds can make a violin, a dog, raindrops, thunder, a yawning person, falling on the floor of the subject, a shiver from the cold.
- To distinguish, interjections or imitative words are used in sentences:
- Hello, my comrades.
- "Bach!" - Sounded in silence.
- Come on, hurry up already!
- "Chicken-chick!" So we tried to call the little birds.
- Fathers-lights! What a "bang bang" thunder has told us!
Exercise on sentences with imitative words as well as interjections can be very diverse. But for the most part, they usually do not cause any difficulty among students.
Morphological analysis
Like any part of speech, these two small subgroups have their own parsing algorithm. It is absolutely identical.
- We define the part of speech.
- Denote the morphological features:
- Structure
- discharge by default value
- immutability
- Role in the sentence.
We give an example of the analysis. “So much for you and on! They didn’t wait for the rain, but he watered! ”
- So much for interjection.
- Composite in structure (a few words).
- Emotional, conveys surprise.
- Immutable (can neither bend nor conjugate)
- It does not play any syntactic role in the sentence, since it does not replace an independent part of speech.
Next example: And here - “Whack-Whack!” - the ball flew past us.
- Onomatopoeic word (passes the flight of the ball).
- Difficult, consists of two repeating bases.
- Discharge - the sound of inanimate nature.
- Immutability
- The proposal will be the circumstance (answers the question "how").
Another example: What are you inattentive to me!
- Interjection
- Simple, one word.
- Emotional, conveys outrage.
- Immutability
- Circumstance (replaces the words "very" or "very").
Conclusion
Spelling of imitative words and suchInterjections like these are usually not difficult. They all convey emotions or sounds exactly as we hear them. It must be remembered that repetitive bases, such as gav-gav, will always be written with a hyphen.
The spontaneity in their education makes theman integral part of our life. Kids who can not talk, shout to their mothers only certain sounds. Parents are guided by them, what their child wants. As adults, we still continue to use these parts of speech. No one can force us to abandon the expression of their own emotions. And the sounds of nature? It is not always easy to write them to us for everyone, but it is not always easy to write on paper. To this end, there are onomatopoeic words. They easily repeat what we hear only in writing.
Without such seemingly insignificant parts of speech, we simply cannot do. Every day, when confronted with them in speech, we have to use them in some of them as well in writing.
Do not confuse them with the official parts of speech,for example, with particles. Sometimes they are very similar to each other. It is worth remembering one immutable rule: these words convey emotions, feelings and sounds. No other speech groups can do this. As they say, for everyone - their own necessary role.
