Иван Петрович Павлов – лауреат Нобелевской премии and internationally recognized scientific authority. Being a talented scientist, he made a significant contribution to the development of psychology and physiology. It is considered to be the founder of such a scientific direction as the higher nervous activity. He made a number of major discoveries in the field of regulation of digestion, and also founded a physiological school in Russia.
Parents
Биография Павлова Ивана Петровича начинается в 1849 It was then that the future academician was born in the city of Ryazan. His father, Peter Dmitrievich, came from a peasant family and worked as a priest in one of the small parishes. Independent and truthful, he was constantly in conflict with his superiors, and therefore he lived not rich. Petr Dmitrievich loved life, had good health and adored working in the garden and garden.
Varvara Ivanovna, Ivan's mother, came fromspiritual family. In her younger years she was cheerful, cheerful and healthy. But frequent deliveries (there were 10 children in the family) greatly undermined her well-being. Varvara Ivanovna had no education, but diligence and the natural mind turned her into a skillful educator of her own children.
Childhood
Future academician Pavlov Ivan was in the familyfirstborn. The childhood years left an indelible mark on his memory. In his mature years, he recalled: “I remember very clearly my first visit to the house. It's amazing that I was only a year old, and the nurse carried me in her arms. For the fact that I remember myself early, another vivid memory speaks. When my mother’s brother was buried, I was carried in my arms to say goodbye to him. This scene still stands before my eyes. ”
Ivan grew perky and healthy.He eagerly played with sisters and younger brothers. He also helped his mother (in household chores) and his father (when building a house and garden). His sister L.P. Andreeva spoke about this period of life as follows: “Ivan always remembered dad with gratitude. He was able to instill in him a habit of work, accuracy, accuracy and order in everything. Our mother had lodgers. Being a great worker, she tried to do everything herself. But all the children idolized her and tried to help: bring water, heat the stove, chop firewood. All this had to do little Ivan. "
School and injury
Грамоту он начал изучать с 8 лет, но в школу hit only 11. It's a matter of guilt: once a boy laid out apples on a platform for drying. Stumbling, he climbed down the stairs and fell right on the stone floor. The injury was quite strong, and Ivan fell ill. The boy turned pale, lost weight, lost his appetite and began to sleep poorly. Parents tried to cure him at home, but nothing helped. Once, the hegumen of the Trinity Monastery came to visit Pavlov. Seeing the sickly boy, he took him to him. Enhanced nutrition, clean air and regular gymnastics returned Ivan strength and health. The guardian was an intelligent, kind, and highly educated person. He led an ascetic lifestyle and read a lot. These qualities made a strong impression on the boy. The first book, which Academician Pavlov received in his youth from the hegumen, was fables by I. A. Krylov. The boy learned it by heart and carried love to the fabulist throughout his life. This book has always been on the table of the scientist.
Seminary training
In 1864, under the influence of a guardian, Ivan enteredTheological Seminary. There he immediately became the best student, and even helped his comrades as a tutor. The years of study introduced Ivan to the works of such Russian thinkers as DI Pisarev, N. A. Dobrolyubov, V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. G. Chernyshevsky, etc. The young man liked their desire to fight for freedom and progressive changes in society. But over time, his interests shifted to natural science. And here, the monograph of I. M. Sechenov "Reflexes of the brain" had a great influence on the formation of Pavlov's scientific interests. After completing the sixth grade of the seminary, the young man realized that he did not want to make a spiritual career, and began preparing for the university entrance exams.
Studying at the University
In 1870, Pavlov moved to Petersburg withdesire to enter the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. But it turned out to be legal. The reason for this - the restriction of seminarians in terms of the choice of professions. Ivan addressed the rector with a petition, and in two weeks he was transferred to the Physics and Mathematics Department. The young man studied very successfully and received the highest scholarship (imperial).
Со временем Иван всё больше увлекался физиологией and from the third year I devoted myself completely to this science. He made the final choice under the influence of Professor I. F. Zion - a talented scientist, a brilliant lecturer and a skilled experimenter. This is how academician Pavlov himself recalled that period of his biography: “I chose animal physiology as my main specialty, and chemistry as an additional specialty. At that time, Ilya Fadeyevich made a huge impression on everyone. We were amazed at his masterfully simple exposition of the most complex physiological issues and artistic talent in conducting experiments. I will remember this teacher all my life. ”
Research activities
The first research work PavlovaDated 1873 year. Then, under the guidance of F. V. Ovsyannikov, Ivan investigated the nerves in the lungs of the frogs. In the same year, along with a fellow student, he wrote the first scientific work. The head, naturally, was I. F. Zion. In this work, students studied the effect of laryngeal nerves on blood circulation. At the end of 1874, the results were discussed at a meeting of the society of natural scientists. Pavlov regularly attended these meetings and talked with Tarkhanov, Ovsyannikov and Sechenov.
Soon the students M. M. Afanasyev and I. P.Pavlov began to study the nerves of the pancreas. The university council awarded this work a gold medal. True, Ivan spent a lot of time on research and did not pass the final exams, losing a scholarship. This forced him to stay at the university for another year. And in 1875 he graduated him brilliantly. He was only 26 (photo of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, unfortunately, did not survive at this age), and the future was seen as very promising.
Circulatory physiology
In 1876, a young man got an assistantto Professor K. N. Ustimovich, Head of the Laboratory at the Medical-Surgical Academy. In the next two years, Ivan conducted a series of studies on the physiology of blood circulation. Pavlov's works were highly appreciated by Professor S. P. Botkin and invited him to his clinic. Formally, Ivan took the position of laboratory assistant, but in fact became the head of the laboratory. Despite the poor premises, lack of equipment and scanty financing, Pavlov achieved serious results in studying the physiology of digestion and blood circulation. In scientific circles, his name became more and more famous.
First love
In the late seventies, he met Seraphim.Karchevskaya - a student of the pedagogical department. The young were united by the proximity of views, common interests, loyalty to the ideals of serving the community and the struggle for progress. In general, they loved each other. A preserved photo of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and Seraphim Vasilievna Karchevskaya shows that they were a very beautiful couple. It was the support of the spouse that allowed the young man to achieve such success in the scientific field.
New job search
Over 12 years of work in the clinic S.P.Botkin's biography of Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, was replenished with a multitude of scientific events, and he became famous both at home and abroad. Improving the working and living conditions of a talented scientist has become a necessity not only for his personal interests, but also for the development of Russian science.
But in the days of Tsarist Russia to achieve anychanges to a simple, honest, democratic-minded, impractical, shy and unsophisticated person, as Pavlov was, turned out to be extremely difficult. In addition, the life of the scientist was complicated by prominent physiologists, with whom Ivan Petrovich, while still young, publicly entered into heated discussions and often emerged victorious. So, thanks to the negative feedback from Professor I. R. Tarkhanov on Pavlov’s work on blood circulation, the latter were not awarded a prize.
Ivan Petrovich could not find goodlaboratories to continue their research. In 1887, he addressed a letter to the Minister of Education, in which he asked for a place in the department of some experimental university. Then he sent several more letters to different institutions and was refused everywhere. But soon the luck smiled to the scientist.
Nobel Prize
In April 1890, Pavlova was elected professor.pharmacology at once in two universities: Warsaw and Tomsk. And in 1891, he was invited to organize a department of physiology at the newly opened University of Experimental Medicine. Pavlov led him to the end of his days. It was here that he performed several classic works on the physiology of the digestive glands, which were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904. The entire scientific community remembers the speech made by Academician Pavlov "On the Russian Mind" at the ceremony. It should be noted that this was the first prize awarded for experiments in the field of medicine.
Relations with the Soviet government
Despite the hunger and devastation in timesThe establishment of the Soviet government, V.I. Lenin issued a special decree, in which Pavlov's work was highly appreciated, which indicated an exceptionally warm and caring attitude of the Bolsheviks. In the shortest possible time, the academician and his staff were created the most favorable conditions for conducting research. The laboratory of Ivan Petrovich was reorganized into the Physiological Institute. And to the 80th anniversary of the academician near Leningrad opened a scientific institute-town.
Осуществились многие мечты, которые долгое время hatched academician Pavlov Ivan Petrovich. The scientific works of the professor were regularly published. Clinics of mental and nervous diseases appeared at its institutes. All scientific institutions headed by him received new equipment. The number of employees has increased tenfold. In addition to budgetary funds, the scientist every month received sums for spending at his own discretion.
Ivan Petrovich was excited and touched.attentive and warm attitude of the Bolsheviks to his scientific activities. After all, during the tsarist regime, he constantly needed money. And now the academician was even worried about whether he could justify the trust and care of the government. He has repeatedly spoken about this both in his environment and in public.
Death
Academician Pavlov died at the age of 87.Nothing foreshadowed the death of the scientist, because Ivan Petrovich had excellent health and rarely was ill. True, he was prone to colds and had pneumonia several times. Pneumonia was the cause of death. On February 27, 1936, the scientist left this world.
All Soviet people grieved when the academician diedPavlov (a description of the death of Ivan Petrovich immediately appeared in the newspapers). A big man and a great scientist who made a huge contribution to the development of physiological science left. Ivan Petrovich was buried at the Volkov cemetery, not far from the grave of DI Mendeleev.
