In each school in the literature lessons children are taught,that such epithets, personification, comparison, metaphors. These are the main figurative definitions that create an artistic picture of reality in literature. The ability to clearly distinguish these definitions guarantees a more accurate understanding of literary texts.
Nature of figurative definitions
The very concept of fiction predictsthe presence of some means, which form a vivid imagery, make the text a work of art. In music, these are sounds, in painting - colors, in a poem and a novel - words.
Thus, a vivid figurative definition is an expressively expressive means in fiction, with the help of which a vivid reality is created from words.
There are several types of figurative definitions.The most common are epithets, metaphors, personifications and comparisons. There are also hyperboles and litotes, anaphores and epiphores. But using them has a deeper meaning, and they are less amenable to a simple analysis.
Artistic definition
The simplest and most understandable artistic means in the literature are epithets. They are used in almost any work and add to it imagery and dimensionality.
Epithet is a vivid and figurative definition, which indicates the additional qualities of the image that is characterized by it. As a rule, they are expressed with the help of adjectives: a clear sun, a sad time, a gray-eyed king.
It is noteworthy that adjectives are not alwaysact as an epithet in the artistic text. For example: green grass is a standard definition that does not give an additional image characteristic. The grass is always green under normal conditions. But the burned autumn grass is already epithets that add bulk to the overall perception of the art picture in the text.
Epithets can be permanent and random. Constants are found in folk art: black horse, red girl. Random - this is the result of the individual creativity of the authors. Sometimes such epithets in other works are never found again.
Revival of the inanimate in the literature
Artistic texts tend to showinanimate objects through their living manifestation. This technique is called impersonation. Such a vivid definition is a way to revitalize the surrounding reality in order to give it more expressiveness: the frost is cracking, the wind howls, the trees are singing.
A description of inanimate nature, as if it were alive,makes it possible to more accurately form a picture of artistic reality. The following technique works here: a person perceives an emotional state better if he can empathize with him. For this purpose, human qualities are assigned to subjects.
It depends on the number of avatars in the textwhat effect the author wants to get. If the whole work is filled with this figurative definition, the impression of the unreality of the picture of what is happening is created. This is typical of mystical and surrealistic works.
In fairy tales, personification also plays a major role. Young children learn the world more easily if the characters are not people, but living and inanimate nature.
Compare to better present
Based on a comparison of different similar or notSimilar objects create another bright figurative definition. Comparison is the creation of a picture of the world in which against the background of one phenomenon the qualities of the second appear. Famous words - “White birch under my window has become covered with snow, as if silver” - will serve as a vivid example of this artistic means of expression. Here, fresh snow shining in the sun is compared with precious metal. From this picture acquires a touch of nobility and solemnity.
Comparisons can be of several types. Based on the similarity of objects, this bright figurative definition is most often formed: dark tan like a chocolate bar; fresh, like fluff, snow. But for greater expressiveness and contrast, comparisons can be used in real life with a little similar subjects: stuck like a bee in syrup; white like soot on a chimney sweep. This technique can be called even more expressive, since it carries a much stronger emotional charge.
Comparison without comparison
For literature, a bright figurative definition is a means of artistic transformation of reality. The peak of excellence in this process is considered a metaphor.
In short, the essence of this tool is expressed in suchin words - comparison without comparison. Its essence lies in the fact that the name of one phenomenon of reality is replaced by another on the basis of their similarity or some kind of adjacency: “walking shoes on the street” instead of “people walking in shoes”, “eating a plate” instead of “eating all the food from a plate” “Chocolate girl” instead of “chocolate-tanned girl”.
Metaphors come in several forms, but they all have one thing in common - a certain similarity or belonging to reality with the object being compared.
The difficulty in analyzing metaphors is thatthat the reasons for such a comparison are not always transparent and clear. Sometimes it seems that the complex metaphoricity of the text is not justified, although in fact it may simply not be enough actual knowledge to reveal the essence of the author's imagery.
The ability to reveal the inner meaning of metaphors is the highest skill in the analysis of literary texts.
The role of artistic means of expression
Above, we have already figured out what epithets are,impersonation, comparison, metaphors. It remains not entirely clear why confusing the text so that later the author can sit and analyze what he wanted to say with these definitions.
In fact, only professional literary critics and critics are engaged in depth analysis. Simple readers are not familiar with their works in most cases.
Analysis of artistic definitions in the ordinarylife occurs at the intuitive level and the level of perception of the text. At school, children are taught to read works correctly, realizing that behind a simple comparison lies a lot more sense than can be seen on the surface.
An experienced reader is a person with a goodfantasy, which can recreate in my head the picture described in the work. To make it more detailed and emotional, the authors use these tools.
There are several synonyms for the word "figurative"definition ", the main of which can be called the graphic-expressive means. The task of metaphor and epithet is to depict reality as the author sees it, and express their attitude to it in such a way that the reader also understands it.
History of appearance
The development of fiction leaves its ownrooted in hoary antiquity. It is difficult to say exactly when the expressive means of vocabulary appeared: epithet, comparison, metaphor. It is known that people were always drawn to the beautiful, so they wanted to embellish even simple pictures of everyday life.
By the complexity of the analysis it can be assumed thatfirst of all there were the most simple figurative definitions, such as epithet and personification. The comparison requires a certain life experience from the narrator and the listener, so it may have appeared a little later.
Of course, metaphor is the pinnacle of the artisticskill. It is quite complex and voluminous both in its meaning and in the process of its formation. Metaphoricity is more characteristic of modern literature. In ancient times, it was replaced by allegory, which is much less common today.
Method of determining figurative means of expression
Any work on figurative expressions begins with their definition in the text. Next, you should understand what they mean and what they indicate.
The next step is to define the purpose of the author.Creating such an expression, he wanted to achieve a certain emotional effect. And finally, it is worth figuring out exactly how this metaphor or epithet responds to what the author wanted to say.
In practice, the bright figurative definition iscomplex multi-level phenomenon, which is disclosed as fully as the reading experience of a person perceiving a literary text.
