The future of humanity ...This topic has always been viewed with great interest within both the Eastern and European philosophical traditions. But in the second half of the 20th century, accents drastically shifted: the person began not only to dream of the beautiful future, but also to look for optimal ways to achieve it. And on this way he had a logical question: “Is the future possible in principle?” The number of nuclear weapons on the planet and the probability of an ecological cataclysm do not allow an affirmative answer. The most topical is the understanding of the difficulties in the relationship between nature and man, as well as relations between people. Thanks to the discussion of these problems has developed several traditions. Cosmism in Russian philosophy is one of them. We will talk about it in this article.
Definition
The name "Russian cosmism" originated in the 60s,when people vigorously exulted about space exploration and turning to the almost forgotten heritage of K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Then it embraced a wide area of Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century. His most prominent representatives were: in poetry - Bryusov, Tyutchev; in music, Scriabin; in painting - Nesterov. A philosophical trend was formed around the ideas of K.E. Tsiolkovsky (who was supported by such prominent scientists as V.I. Vernadsky and A.L. Chizhevsky) and the works of N.F. Fedorov.
In the first place, cosmist philosophers reflected onfuture prospects of human development. Of course, because of the way of life and the style of thinking of the authors, their works are very different. But, despite this, they can find many common ideas that complement and develop each other and form a whole direction in the national philosophy.
main idea
Cosmism Russian first substantiated the ideathe unification of all people, based not so much on political and ideological reasons, as on moral and environmental ones. Thus, the most important feature of the philosophical direction was formed - the combination of such previously incompatible problems as the establishment of universal brotherhood, space exploration and the preservation of the environment.
Directions of Russian cosmism
There are several, but only five main currents. Some of them we have already mentioned above. Now we will present you a complete list:
- Natural science (Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky, Chizhevsky).
- Religious and Philosophical (Fedorov).
- Artistic-poetic (Morozov, Sukhovo-Kobylin, Bryusov, Odoevsky, Tyutchev).
- Esoteric (Roerich).
- Noosphere (Shipov, Akimov, Dmitriev).
Below we will talk about the representatives of the first two directions.
Ancestor of cosmism
The founder of cosmism and its largestThe representative is Nikolay Fedorovich Fedorov. He never studied philosophy professionally. Fedorov was earning money for life, first by teaching, and then by working in the library. During the life of Nikolai Fedorovich, very few of his works were published. But these publications were enough for many philosophers and writers to admire his ideas. Especially benevolent reviews were received from A. M. Gorky, F. M. Dostoevsky and L. N. Tolstoy.
Many ideas of Russian cosmism were formulatedFedorov in his work "The Philosophy of the Common Cause". He believed that the cause of disharmony in the relationship between nature and man lies in the disorder of the life of the latter. And nature, because of its unconsciousness, acts as a hostile force. Only this power can be subdued by the human mind. The philosopher believed that "people should bring harmony into the world and bring order to it." Due to this, the evolution of nature will turn from elemental into consciously regulated.
Universal Regulation
Russian philosophy, Russian cosmism would beinconceivable without the idea of Fedorov on the implementation of universal regulation. It is necessary to bridge the gap between nature and man. At the same time, psychophysiological regulation implies control of our inner strength. The outer one unfolds from our planet to the Universe and encompasses several stages:
- Meteoric regulation (object - Earth).
- Planetary astroregulation (object - the solar system).
- Space (object - the Universe).
With the passage of these steps, humanity cancombine all existing star worlds. By the way, Russian cosmism as a philosophical trend originated precisely because of this idea. So Nikolai Fedorovich can be called a genius with certainty.
Despite the utopianism of many theories of Fedorov,modern cosmism (Russian) professes many ideas of its heritage: the projectivity of knowledge and synthetism, the regulation of social life and natural processes, the close connection of morality and knowledge, perpetuation of human life, etc.
Four principles of Tsiolkovsky
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky had a significant influence on cosmism in Russian philosophy. He is known as an original thinker, science fiction writer and astrologer and rocket dynamics speaker.
Konstantin Eduardovich believed that our world canexplain only from the cosmic point of view. The future of the world is the conquest of space by people. All our activities should focus on improving the interaction of the cosmos and man. The liberation of intelligent organisms from dependence on their habitat is one of the main tasks of evolution. Konstantin Eduardovich thought that space exploration would be able to unite people into a whole state.
There are a number of philosophical principles on which Tsiolkovsky relied. Russian cosmism still profess them. There are four such principles. Consider them in order of importance:
- Panpsychism (recognition of the sensitivity of the universe).
- Monism (matter is one, and its properties are the same).
- The principle of infinity (the power of the cosmic mind and the Universe are infinite).
- The principle of self-organization (the universe itself builds its own structure).
Noosphere of Vernadsky
Many ideas of Russian cosmism were formulatedVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. He was not only an outstanding naturalist, but also a significant thinker, as well as the founder of the theory of the biosphere and its transition to the noosphere.
IN AND.Vernadsky and other representatives of such a direction as Russian cosmism believed that with the help of science, humanity can subjugate the universe to itself and become responsible for its fate. This can be explained by the fact that “scientific work will be a manifestation of human geological activity, and this will create a special state of the biosphere and prepare it for transition to the noosphere.” The latter was understood by the thinker as the sphere of the expansion of rational human activity aimed at supporting life on the planet within the framework of the biosphere, then in the near-solar space and, as a result, already beyond it. According to V. I. Vernadsky, evolution itself prepared the entry of humanity into the era of the noosphere. And the main condition for this transition is the unification of the creative conditions for raising the general level of people's well-being.
Solar activity Chizhevsky
Русская философия, русский космизм получили a significant impetus to the development thanks to the work of Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, which dealt with the influence of solar activity on the history of mankind.
The scientist believed that the revolutionary upheavalsoccurred during periods of the greatest activity of the sun. This phenomenon is repeated at intervals of 11 years. In turn, the eleven-year cycle consists of 4 periods:
- Minimum excitability (3 years).
- Increased excitability (2 years).
- Maximum rise of excitability (3 years).
- Decrease in excitability (3 years).
Theories of Chizhevsky about the influence of solar storms on the behavior of specific people and social phenomena are now very widespread.
Conclusion
So, we considered Russian cosmism asphilosophical direction. It should be noted that it took many hundreds of years for a person to acquire a reasonable appearance along with a developed awareness of his own spirituality. Going through the stages of the formation of a worldview, human civilization opened up new types of knowledge, creating new branches of philosophical views and sciences.
At the present stage, taking into account past experience,humanity has formed a clear structure for itself and identified the most useful priorities. But, as before, we did not receive answers to questions about the meaning of life and the picture of the universe on the planet. And since a person will always have a tendency to think, there will always be riddles for which there are no answers.
