As shown by the results of the analysis conducteda group of researchers led by D. Farrell, participation in international trade in outsourcing services, can be viewed as a loan agreement between legal entities. At the same time, contrary to the view that even among supporters of the idea of a mutually beneficial nature of outsourcing is believed, it provides the greatest benefit, or, using the terminology of game theory, the "winnings" that do not export but the importing country. According to their analysis of US-Indian trade in outsourcing services, calculated on every dollar invested by US companies in outsourcing abroad, the overall gain in the form of value added is 1.45-1.47 dollars for the world economy, of which 1, 12-1,14 dollars is in the American economy, and 0,33 dollars - on the economy of India.
Thus, the analysis of empirical dataconfirms that the Ricardian idea of the mutually beneficial trade for the economies of the countries involved maintains its fairness with regard to outsourcing as one of the modern forms of international trade, provided that the conclusion of a contract between legal entities is based on parity grounds.
В то же время нельзя не отметить обоснованность the positions of those researchers (in particular P. Samuelson and E. Limer) who, recognizing the correctness of the Ricardian model and, moreover, using it to substantiate their own conclusions, sound the fear that the increase in the volume of international trade in outsourcing services may eventually lead to a change in the terms of trade that would entail a change in the ratio of the gains of countries involved in international outsourcing to the exporting country and thereby violate this loan agreement between legal entities by the people.
Иными словами, их опасение заключается в том, что international outsourcing will change the current specialization of countries in the international division of labor and change the responsibility of a legal entity, according to which developed countries traditionally have a comparative advantage in knowledge-intensive and high-tech areas, where they increasingly have to face increased competition from developing and relatively cheap and highly skilled workforce, which they now have the opportunity to offer at international market.
The situation described, in our opinion, is quiteexplained by the theory of the life cycle of R. Vernon, according to which the production of labor-intensive tradable goods (to which, as justified by us above, outsourcing services can be equated for research purposes), usually moves from countries with expensive labor (in which the product As a rule, it is developed due to the presence in the country of a sufficient amount of a highly skilled labor force necessary at the development stage and is beginning to be implemented) in countries with low cost of labor required for carried out I serial production and most violates this kind of loan agreement between legal entities. And this, in turn, allows us to maintain high rates of progress and provides an opportunity to get long-term benefits from international outsourcing to a wide range of countries involved in it.
In the course of the study specialistsanalyzed the main prevailing in the research community approaches to the relationship of outsourcing with traditional forms of international trade. Based on the essence of outsourcing, the validity of considering outsourcing as a form of international trade is established, analysis of which is possible from the point of view of import-export operations, and the resulting consequences are generally similar to those of export-import operations of the countries included in them, between which an appropriate loan agreement has been concluded between legal entities.
It can be concluded that under the assumption ofthe similarity of outsourcing services and goods traded in international trade and elimination, thereby, the difference in formal characteristics between the concepts of “goods” and “service serving as a subject of international trade” - the use of the classical Ricardian model of international trade for the interpretation of outsourcing - and above all , its mutually beneficial nature for both countries - can be considered reasonable.
Finally, the analysis of the impact of outsourcingthe domestic labor market of the importing country revealed the predominantly structural nature of unemployment caused by outsourcing and its natural (due to the ongoing changes in the structure of the national economy and the world economy) nature.
So the Ricardian idea ofthe mutual benefit of trade for the economies of the countries involved in it maintains its fairness with regard to outsourcing as one of the modern forms of international trade. This, in turn, confirms that the long-term benefits of international outsourcing in the long term are the subjects of both countries involved in it.
