The year 1824 was rather tense for Russia.Complications with Georgia are complicated, the Caucasus does not want to go into the status of "peaceful". In November, St. Petersburg is in the captivity of the elements - one of the strongest in the 19th century floods that claimed human lives and hit hard on the poorest layers of the population. In different parts of the empire there are foci of popular unrest. Southern and Northern Decembrist societies intensify their activities, preparing an uprising. Philosophical and political life is the key, the country is boiling like a stormy sea. And it is no coincidence that it was in 1824 that the audience got acquainted with a terrific work that was destined not only to survive its creator, but also to gain immortality. It's about the comedy of A. Griboedov "Woe from Wit".
A few words about the history of creation
The author has been working on the text for about two years, since 1822for 1824 years. When Griboyedov tried to print a comedy, censorship was imposed on the work by an unambiguous and unconditional ban. Light saw only a few fragments, and then with large bills. However, the comedy instantly dispersed across St. Petersburg in the lists and stepped far beyond the capital. The text was memorized by heart, the popularity of "Sorrow from Wit" grew day by day. The obstacles of autocracy could not prevent this. One of the main explanations for the phenomenon of mass popularity and the readers' love for comedy is its language and style. Literally immediately the work was divided into quotations. Not without reason in Pushkin's diaries there is a record that half the text will go into proverbs. He was right. The aphorisms from "Woe from Wit" not only became an integral part of the speech of the educated layers of society of the time, but even now they help us express our thoughts brightly, juicyly, accurately and figuratively.
Classification of aphorisms
For what purpose does the author so often resort towinged expressions? Where does the language for education come from? Aphorisms from "Woe from Wit" perform several functions in the work. First, they are necessary for Griboyedov to individualize the speech of the heroes. And in fact, every comedy character speaks his own language, and the remarks of Famusov are as different from Chatsky's words as Molchalin from Skalozub. Secondly, the aphorisms from "Woe from Wit" are required by Griboyedov to give a precise assessment, an accurate description of the characters in the comedy. Thanks to their expressiveness and capacity, the author in several words reveals the essence of the image, whereas by ordinary speech he would have to say a single sentence. Thirdly, the aphorisms from "Woe from Wit" allow you to give an emotional-imaginative assessment of the events that are mentioned in the comedy. And, finally, this is a wonderful way through the expressive means of the language to show your attitude to something or someone.
The origins of comedy aphorisms
On the outward appearance of the aphorisms from "Woe from Wit"reminiscent of proverbs and sayings. They are close to the works of oral folklore and the internal structure, according to the models of construction. Linguists, who studied the language of comedy, have long paid attention to this fact. Griboyedov, who sharply criticized the foreign effort in the nobility culture, actively struggled to ensure that the primordial culture and the Russian language came to the forefront. Aphorisms from "Woe from Wit" prove that the playwright not only knew remarkable folklore, but also saw in him an invaluable source of linguistic brightness and expressiveness. In addition, the content of proverbs and sayings is familiar to all native speakers regardless of their origin and social level. Their meaning is clear to the nobleman, and to the philistine, and to the merchant, and to the peasant. Thus, the writer put deep philosophical ideas into aphoristic forms, made them close and accessible to his readers from all walks of life.
Turning to the text: action 1, phenomenon 2
Turning to the text: action 1, phenomenon 4
Do you know what feature introduced into the workGriboedov? "Woe from Wit", the aphorisms from which we analyze, can enter into synonymous and antonymic language relations. Lisa calls Famusov "a jerk" and "windy." And he in the 4th phenomenon tells Sophia about himself completely the opposite: "There is no need for another sample", when there is himself, Famusov, - a worthy example for imitation. In this phenomenon, the hero owns another remark that reveals him as an ardent hater of foreigners and those pseudo-cultural trends dictated by fashion. Famusov is a representative of the ancient Moscow bar, living according to the laws of the past century. He cherishes all the patriarchal, starting from feudal relations, the laws of serfdom. The destroyers of "pockets and hearts" he calls not only sellers in fashion stores on Kuznetsk, but also publishers of books, newspapers and magazines, in general, all those who are connected with foreign countries. Resenting against the "capes and ribbons", "authors and muses," Pavel Afanasyevich hates everything new as a blood enemy, which in one way or another can shake the habitual way and life that seems to him unshakable. If you write out the entire aphorisms of Griboyedov ("Woe from Wit"), which are uttered on behalf of Famusov, you can see how retrograde and far from social progress the hero's outlook is. However, we admit that many of his postulates are not without reason! And statements about the imitation of Russian noblemen to all foreign people are quite applicable to our time!
Turning to the text: action 1, phenomenon 6
In 1 action, 6 phenomenon on the scene appearsthe protagonist of the work is Alexander Andreevich Chatsky. The aphorisms of the comedy "Woe from Wit", embedded in his mouth, and associated with proverbs and sayings. The famous remark about the "smoke of the Fatherland" is synonymous with the saying that no matter how good it is everywhere, at home it is still better. No less accurate is another utterance, based on the proverb: "it's better where we are not." Or this remark: "in whom you do not find spots." You can immediately recall the saying that they are even in the sun. Or the biblical statement of Jesus that anyone who is sinless himself can throw a stone at him.
Characteristic and self-characteristic
As already noted, the aphorisms from "Woe from Wit"Griboyedov are an excellent means of the author's characterization of the heroes and act at the same time a means of their self-disclosure. What does the famous "serve nice" Chatsky say about? That he is ready to give his mind and knowledge, talents and strength to the cause. But it is precisely the cause that he is ready to serve, and not to curry favor with someone, as was customary in the 19th century and what many already sin in our century, the 21st. Careerism, chinopoklony and, in contrast to them, conscientiousness and responsible approach to what you are doing, were at the time of Griboedov and are often found now.
Internal conflict
Another interesting quotation of Chatsky about the house is interesting,which are new, and prejudices that have remained the same. Indeed, he is a progressive man who is much ahead of his time, he appears in monologues, where serfdom is criticized, "Fatherland Fathers", depravity, criminality and cruelty of the feudal system are deduced to clean water. The life and customs of the Moscow gentry are exposed, from the language that is a monstrous mixture of "French with Nizhny Novgorod" and ending with persecution for education, enlightenment, freedom. And when Famusov in horror calls the hero a carbonar, who does not recognize the authorities and preaches liberty, we understand: this is the most faithful and important Griboyedov characterization of a spirit close to him in spirit and the self-disclosure of Famusov with his boundless inertia and conservatism.
Classicism, Romanticism, Realism
Comedy Griboedova organically combines all threeliterary direction. The language of the work is a clear example of this. Comedy was considered a low genre, and it had to be written in the language of the common people, that is, colloquial. The playwright to a certain extent used it, achieving the effect of lively speaking. And in his aphorisms there are a lot of dialectisms, colloquies. However, his heroes belong to the Moscow nobility, that is, to a sufficiently educated section of society. Hence the maximum closeness of the characters' language to the Russian literary language. Here foreign borrowings or archaisms, words from the Old Slavonic language are rare. This also applies to aphorisms. Each of them is simple and clear and adorns the comedy like a precious stone.
