It is unlikely that there will be a person on a planet that does notfamiliar name of Pablo Picasso. The founder of cubism and the artist of many styles influenced in the 20th century on the visual arts not only of Europe, but of the whole world.
Artist Pablo Picasso: childhood and years of study
One of the brightest artists of the 20th century was born inMalaga, in a house on Merced Square, in 1881, on 25 October. Now there is a museum and the Picasso Foundation. Following the Spanish tradition at baptism, parents gave the boy a rather long name, which is an alternation of the names of saints and the closest and esteemed in the family of relatives. In the end, they know him by the very first and last. Surname Pablo decided to take the mother, considering his father too simple. Talent and craving for drawing from the boy showed up from his earliest childhood. The first and very valuable lessons he gave the father, who was also an artist. His name was Jose Ruiz. His first serious painting he wrote at eight years - "Picador". We can safely say that it was with her that the work of Pablo Picasso began. The father of the future artist received a proposal on the work of a teacher in La Coruna in 1891, and soon the family moved to the north of Spain. In the same year, Pablo was trained at the local art school for a year. Then the family moved to one of the most beautiful cities - Barcelona. Young Picasso at the time was 14 years old, and he was too young to study in La Loncho (school of fine arts). However, the father was able to achieve that he was admitted to entrance examinations on a competitive basis, with which he coped brilliantly. Four years later, the parents decided to arrange it for the best at that time advanced art school - "San Fernando" in Madrid. Studying at the academy quickly bored young talent, in its classical canons and rules it was cramped and even boring. Therefore, he devoted more time to the Prado Museum and study of his collections, and a year later returned to Barcelona. By the early period of his work include paintings written in 1986: "Self-portrait" by Picasso, "First Communion" (it depicts the sister of the artist Lola), "Portrait of the mother" (pictured below).
Во время пребывания в Мадриде он впервые совершил a trip to Paris, where he studied all the museums and paintings of the greatest masters. Subsequently, he will come to this center of world art more than once, and in 1904 he will finally move.
"Blue" period
This time interval can be considered aslitmus paper, it is at this time begins to manifest in the work of Picasso his personality, still subject to outside influence. A well-known fact: the talent of creative natures manifests itself as brightly as possible in difficult life situations. This is exactly what happened with Pablo Picasso, whose works are now known throughout the world. The rise was provoked and occurred after a prolonged depression caused by the death of a close friend of Carlos Casagemas. In 1901, at an exhibition organized by Vollard, 64 works of the artist were presented, but at that time they were still full of sensuality and brightness, the Impressionists' influence was clearly felt. In his legal rights, the "blue" period of his creative work gradually entered, manifesting himself as rigid contours of figures and loss of three-dimensionality of the image, a departure from the classical laws of the artistic perspective. The palette of colors on his canvases becomes more and more monotonous, the emphasis is on the blue color. The beginning of the period can be considered "Portrait of Jaime Sabartes" and a self-portrait of Picasso, written in 1901.
Pictures of the "blue" period
The key in this period for the master were suchwords like loneliness, fear, guilt, pain. In 1902, he again returned to Barcelona, but stay in it and can not. The tense situation in the capital of Catalonia, poverty from all sides and social injustice are pouring into popular unrest, gradually covering not only the whole of Spain, but also Europe. Probably, this state of affairs had an impact on the artist, who in this year is working fruitfully and extremely much. At home, masterpieces of the "blue" period are created: "Two Sisters (Rendezvous)", "The Old Jew with the Boy", "Tragedy" (photo above), "Life", where once again the image of the deceased Casagemas appears. In 1901 the painting "Lover of Absinthe" was also painted. It traces the influence of the popular at that time hobby "vicious" characters, characteristic of French art. The theme of absinthe sounds in many pictures. The work of Picasso, among other things, full of drama. Especially evident in the eye rushes hypertrophied hand of a woman, whom she as if tries to protect herself. Currently, the "Absinthe Lover" is kept in the Hermitage, having got there from a private and very impressive collection of works by Picasso (51 pieces) by SI Shchukin after the revolution.
As soon as the opportunity arises againgo to Paris, the artist without hesitation decides to use it and leaves Spain in the spring of 1904. It is there that he will face new interests, feelings and impressions, which will give rise to a new stage of his work.
"Pink" period
Pablo Picasso: works of the "pink" period
Картины, ознаменовавшие начало нового периода, They were first exhibited at the end of the winter of 1905 in the Serurje Gallery - "Sitting nude" and "Actor". One of the recognized masterpieces of the "pink" period is the "Family of Comedians" (pictured above). The canvas has impressive dimensions - in height and width more than two meters. Figures of circus figures are depicted against the background of the blue sky, it is considered that the harlequin on the right side is Picasso himself. All the characters are in static, and between them there is no internal affinity, each was tied by inner loneliness - the theme of the entire "pink" period. In addition, it is worth noting the following works by Pablo Picasso: "Woman in a shirt", "Toilet", "Boy, Leading a Horse", "Acrobats. Mother and Son "," The Girl with the Goat ". All of them demonstrate the beauty to the viewer and serenity rare for the artist's paintings. A new impetus in creativity happened at the end of 1906, when Picasso traveled through Spain and found himself in a small village in the Pyrenees.
African period of creativity
With the archaic African art of P.Picasso first encountered a thematic exhibition of the Trocadero Museum. He was impressed by pagan idols of primitive form, exotic masks and figurines, embodied in himself the great power of nature and distanced from the smallest details. The ideology of the artist coincided with this powerful message, and as a result, he began to simplify his characters, making them like stone idols, monumental and sharp. However, the first work in the direction of this style appeared in 1906 - a portrait of the work of Pablo Picasso writer Gertrude Stein. He rewrote the picture 80 times and has completely lost faith in the opportunity to embody her image in the classical style. This point can rightfully be called a transitional from following the nature to deformation of the form. It is enough to look at such canvases as "Nude Woman", "Dance with Veils", "Dryad", "Friendship", "Bust of a Sailor", "Self-Portrait".
But, perhaps, the most striking example of the Africanstage of Picasso's creativity is the picture "Avignon girls" (pictured above), over which the master worked for about a year. She crowned this stage of the artist's creative career and largely determined the fate of art in general. For the first time the canvas was published only thirty years after its writing and became an open door to the world of the avant-garde. The bohemian circle of Paris literally split into two camps: "for" and "against". At the moment the painting is kept in the Museum of Modern Art of the city of New York.
Cubism in the work of Picasso
The problem of uniqueness and accuracy of the imageremained in the first place in the European fine arts until the moment when Cubism burst into it. The motivation for its development is considered by many to be the question that arose among artists: "Why draw?" A credible image of what you see in the beginning of the 20th century could be taught to almost anyone, and literally on the heels there was a photograph that threatened to completely and completely supersede everything rest. Visual images become not only plausible, but also affordable, easily replicated. Cubism Pablo Picasso in this case reflects the individuality of the creator, refusing the plausible image of the outside world and opening entirely new possibilities, the boundaries of perception.
The early works include:"A pot, a glass and a book," "Bathing," "A bouquet of flowers in a gray jar," "Bread and a vase with fruit on a table," etc. In the canvases, one can clearly see how the artist's style changes and acquires increasingly abstract features to the end of the period (1918-1919). For example, "Harlequin", "Three Musicians", "Still Life with a Guitar" (pictured above). The association of viewers with the creativity of the master with abstractionism did not suit Picasso at all, the emotional message of the pictures, their hidden meaning, was important to him. Eventually, the style he created, Cubism, gradually ceased to inspire the artist and interest, opening the way for new trends in creativity.
Classical period
The second decade of the 20th century was for Picassorather complicated. So, 1911 was marked by a story with stolen statuettes from the Louvre, which put the artist in a bad light. In 1914 it turned out that even after living so many years in the country, for Picasso, France is not ready to fight in the First World War, which divorced him with many friends. And the following year, his beloved Marcel Umber died.
To return more realistic in creativityPablo Picasso, whose works were filled again with readability, figurativeness and artistic logic, influenced many external factors. Including a trip to Rome, where he was imbued with ancient art, as well as communication with the ballet company of Diaghilev and the acquaintance with the ballerina Olga Khokhlova, who soon became the second wife of the artist. The beginning of the new period can be considered her portrait of 1917, which in some way was of an experimental nature. Russian ballet Pablo Picasso not only inspired the creation of new masterpieces, but also gave his beloved and long-awaited son. The most famous works of the period: Olga Khokhlova (pictured above), Pierrot, Still Life with a jug and apples, Sleeping Peasants, Mother and Child, Women Running on the Beach, Three Graces .
Surrealism
Separation of creativity is nothing likethe desire to lay out on the shelves and squeeze it into certain (stylistic, temporal) frames. However, the creativity of Pablo Picasso, whose famous paintings adorn the very best museums and galleries of the world, this approach can be called very conditional. If you follow the chronology, then the period when the artist was close to surrealism, falls on 1925-1932. It is not at all surprising that at every stage of the work of the master of the brush the muse visited, and when O. Khokhlova wished to recognize herself in his canvases, he turned to neoclassicism. However, creative people are fickle, and soon the life of Picasso came in the young and very beautiful Maria Teresa Walter, who at the time of dating turned 17 years old. She was destined for the role of mistress, and in 1930 the artist bought a castle in Normandy, which for her became a home, and for him - a workshop. Maria Theresa was a faithful companion, staunchly enduring the creativity and love of the creator, maintaining friendly correspondence until the death of Pablo Picasso. Works of the period of surrealism: "Dance", "Woman in the chair" (in the photo below), "Bather", "Nude on the beach", "Dream", etc.
The Second World War Period
Sympathy Picasso during the war inSpain in 1937 belonged to the Republicans. When, in the same year, Italian and German aviation destroyed Gernik - the political and cultural center of the Basques - Pablo Picasso depicted a city in ruins on a huge canvas of the same name in just two months. He was literally seized with horror from the threat that hung over the whole of Europe, which could not but affect the work. Emotions were not expressed directly, but embodied in tonality, its gloom, bitterness and sarcasm.
After the wars died down, and the world came torelative balance, restoring everything that was destroyed, Picasso's creativity also acquired more happy and bright colors. His paintings, written in 1945-1955, have a Mediterranean flavor, are very atmospheric and partly idealistic. At the same time, he begins to work with ceramics, creating a lot of decorative jugs, dishes, plates, figurines (the photo is presented above). The works that were created in the last 15 years of life are very uneven in stylistics and quality.
One of the greatest artists of the twentieth century - Pablo Picasso - died at the age of 91 in his villa in France. He was buried near the castle belonging to him Vovenart.
